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货币市场基金_百度百科
基金_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心货币市场基金播报讨论上传视频投资于货币市场上短期有价证券的投资基金收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10货币市场基金(Money market funds,简称MMF)是指投资于货币市场上短期(一年以内,平均期限120天)有价证券的一种投资基金。该基金资产主要投资于短期货币工具如国库券、商业票据、银行定期存单、银行承兑汇票、政府短期债券、企业债券等短期有价证券。货币基金只有一种分红方式——红利转投资。货币市场基金每份单位始终保持在1元,超过1元后的收益会按时自动转化为基金份额,拥有多少基金份额即拥有多少资产。而其他开放式基金是份额固定不变,单位净值累加的,投资者只能依靠基金每年的分红来实现收益。中文名货币市场基金外文名Money market funds类 属共同基金优点1收益稳定、流动性强、购买限额低优点2可以用基金账户签发支票目录1基本定义2优点3基本特点4运作范围5主要特征6发展历史7当前概况基本定义播报编辑不同投资方式的特点货币市场共同基金(Money Market Mutual Funds,简称MMMFs)是将众多的小额投资者的资金集合起来,由专门的经理人进行市场运作,赚取收益后按一定的期限及持有的份额进行分配的一种金融组织形式。而对于主要在货币市场上进行运作的共同基金,则称为货币市场共同基金。货币市场共同基金是一种特殊类型的共同基金,是美国20世纪70年代以来出现的一种新型投资理财工具。购买者按固定价格(通常为1美元)购入若干个基金股份,货币市场共同基金的管理者就利用这些资金投资于可获利的短期货币市场工具(例如国库券和商业票据等)。此外,购买者还能对其在基金中以股份形式持有的资金签发支票。优点播报编辑货币市场基金货币市场基金除具有收益稳定、流动性强、购买限额低、资本安全性高等特点外,还有其它一些优点,比如可以用基金账户签发支票、支付消费账单;通常被作为进行新的投资之前暂时存放现金的场所,这些现金可以获得高于活期存款的收益,并可随时 撤回用于投资。一些投资人大量认购货币市场基金,然后逐步赎回用以投资股票、债券或其他类型的基金。许多投资人还将以备应急之需的现金以货币市场基金的形式持有。有的货币市场基金甚至允许投资人直接通过自动取款机抽取资金。基本特点播报编辑1.货币市场基金与其它投资于股票的基金最主要的不同在于基金单位的资产净值是固定不变的,通常是每个基金单位1元。投资该基金后,投资者可利用收益再投资,投资收益就不断累积,增加投资者所拥有的基金份额。比如某投资者以100元投资于某货币市场基金,可拥有 100个基金单位,l年后,若投资报酬是8%,那么该投资者就多8个基金单位,总共108个基金单位,价值108元。货币市场基金2、衡量货币市场基金表现好坏的标准是收益率,这与其它基金以净资产价值增值获利不同。3.流动性好、资本安全性高。这些特点主要源于货币市场是一个低风险、流动性高的市场。同时,投资者可以不受到期日限制,随时可根据需要转让基金单位。4.风险性低。货币市场工具的到期日通常很短,货币市场基金投资组合的平均期限一般为4~6个月,因此风险较低,其价格通常只受市场利率的影响。5.投资成本低。货币市场基金通常不收取赎回费用,并且其管理费用也较低,货币市场基金的年管理费用大约为基金资产净值的0.25%~1%,比传统的基金年管理费率1%~2.5%低。6.货币市场基金均为开放式基金。货币市场基金通常被视为无风险或低风险投资工具,适合资本短期投资生息以备不时之需,特别是在利率高、通货膨胀率高、证券流动性下降,可信度降低时,可使本金免遭损失。运作范围播报编辑顾名思义,货币市场基金是以货币市场工具为投资对象的基金。货币市场基金的投资范围主要包括:现金货币市场基金剩余期限在397天以内(含397天)的债券剩余期限在397天以内(含397天)的资产支持证券银行背书的商业汇票银行承兑汇票一年以内(含1年)的银行定存、大额存单大额可转让存单期限在1年以内(含1年)的中央银行票据期限在一年以内(含1年)的债券回购等货币市场工具实际上,上述这些货币市场基金投资的范围都是一些高安全系数和稳定收益的品种,所以对于很多希望回避证券市场风险的企业和个人来说,货币市场基金是一个天然的避风港,在通常情况下既能获得高于银行存款利息的收益,又保障了本金的安全。主要特征播报编辑货币市场共同基金首先是基金中的一种,同时,它又是专门投资货币市场工具的基金,与一般的基金相比,除了具有一般基金的专家理财、分散投资等特点外,货币市场共同基金还具有如下一些投资特征:1.货币市场共同基金投资于货币市场中高质量的证券组合。2.货币市场共同基金提供一种有限制的存款账户。3.货币市场共同基金所受到的法规限制相对较少发展历史播报编辑货币市场基金美国第一家货币市场共同基金作为银行存款的一个替代物创建于1972年,是在市场变化环境下金融创新的一个最好例子。20世纪70年代初美国对商业银行与储蓄银行提供的大部分存款利率均进行管制出台了《Q项条例》,而货币市场工具则是浮动利率,但许多中小投资者无法进入货币市场(因有最低交易额规定),货币市场共同基金利用这一事实,将许多投资者的小额资金集合起来,有专家操作,这也表明追求利润的企业家能够发现设计不严密的政府法规的漏洞。但由于当时市场利率处于存款机构规定能支付的利率上限以下,货币市场共同基金因其收益并不高于银行存款利率而难以发展,总股份在几年中非常有限。1973年仅有4家基金,资产总额只有1亿美元。但到了70年代末,由于连续几年的通货膨胀导致市场利率剧增,货币市场工具如国库券和商业票据的收益率超过了10%,远远高于银行与储蓄机构为储蓄存款和定期存款所支付的5.5%的利率上限。随着储蓄机构的客户不断地从储蓄存款和定期存款中抽出资金投向收益更高的货币市场共同基金,货币市场共同基金的总资产迅速扩大,从1977年的不足40亿美元急增到1982年有200多家基金持有2400亿美元的资产,并在总资产上超过了股票和债券共同基金。因此,货币市场共同基金的迅速发展是市场利率超过银行和其它存款机构管制利率的产物。同时货币市场共同基金能迅速发展并且能保持活力的原因还在于管制较少,货币市场共同基金没有法定的利率上限,而且对提前取款也没有罚款。货币市场共同基金迅速发展,引起了商业银行和储蓄机构的强烈反应,他们要求国会对货币市场共同基金附加储备要求和其它限制,国会最终虽然没有批准存款机构的要求,但给予商业银行和储蓄机构发行一种新型的金融工具即货币市场存款账户(MMDAS),它与货币市场共同基金相似,也提供有限的支票签发而且没储备要求,而且收益率几乎与货币市场共同基金一样高。在银行和其它存款机构以超级NOW账户和MMDAS的反击下,1982年末和1983年初,货币市场共同基金的总资产开始下降。商业银行和存款机构的这些创新金融工具暂时阻止了资金从银行向货币市场共同基金的流动。但商业银行与存款机构无法承受提供高收益的成本,不久以后,降低了MMDAS的利率。其结果是货币市场共同基金再次迅速发展,80年代末和90年代创造了极大的收益。1987年美国股市大崩溃,导致大量的资金流入货币市场共同基金,其资产总额突破3000亿美元。1989年和1990年的储蓄和贷款协会危机引起商业银行突然增加他们的存款保险,来保护他们的存款,同时监管当局更加关注存款机构已经出现的高利率。所有这些变化都有利于货币市场共同基金的快速发展,其资产在1991年达到5000亿美元。1996年大约有650家应税基金,250家免税基金,总资产大约为7500亿美元,80%以上为纳税的资产。其股份大约占所有金融中介资产的4%,而且在所有共同基金(股票基金、债券基金、货币市场共同基金)总资产中占25%以上。1997年达到1万亿美元。当前概况播报编辑在当前的金融危机中,流动性已经成为一个大问题。即使金融工具,例如信用良好的银行发行的存单(一般也是完全流动的),已经变得很难交易了 - 事实上,这一市场有时甚至停业了。在美国,联邦储备委员会曾宣布,第2a-7(国债式)货币市场基金提供流动性以达到现金流出额,特别是如果这些现金额是异常大的。英国央行也致力于提供类似的设施和欧洲央行可能会做同样的事情。进一步的计划,以支持资金是要建立一个类似的散户投资者,银行存款的存款保险计划。作为一种防御性的举动,在2008年9月下旬,大部分基金增加了他们的隔夜流动资金(在英镑基金中,其范围大概是在200亿到300亿英镑之间,或者300亿到450亿美元之间),这更打乱了银行同业拆借市场,加剧了隔夜利率和伦敦银行同业拆借利率之间的差距。不过,这种方式是以基金表现为代价的,特别是对于那些有较高比例的流动性较差的流动证券基金,例如浮动利率的债券和商业票据,其管理经理因此会认为,在在发生隔夜拆借利率崩溃时,他们管理的基金在隔夜投资中不得不占有更大比例。英镑货币市场基金和欧元货币市场基金似乎已经经受住了暴风雨的考验,但后期不同基金的表现差距已经远远大于往常的差距,因为各种基金都有各自基准。这是一个值得探索的领域,因为它可以告诉你很多关于如何管理基金以及出现了什么问题的信息。了解基金如何抵对全球利率低迷时期,将会是十分有趣的。通常情况下,在利率下降情况下,基金是处于最有竞争力的状态。很显然,无论是美国的还是欧洲的监管机构都将被审查是否,以及应该如何对货币市场基金应进行具体管理。但是在关注这方面的同时,预计会更谨慎地管理和经营基金。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000MMFとは?MRFや一般的なファンドとの違いをわかりやすく解説 | 投資信託 | 松井証券
MMFとは?MRFや一般的なファンドとの違いをわかりやすく解説 | 投資信託 | 松井証券
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MMFとは?MRFや一般的なファンドとの違いをわかりやすく解説
MMFとは?MRFや一般的なファンドとの違いをわかりやすく解説
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2024/1/31
投資家から集めた資金をひとまとめにして、専門家が運用をする投資信託。投資信託は運用対象や分配方法などによってさまざまな種類に分けられます。その中の一つに「MMF」という商品があることはご存知でしょうか。
本記事ではMMFの特徴や投資するメリット・デメリット、一般的な投資信託との違いなどを詳しく解説します。どの金融商品に投資すべきか迷っている方は参考にしてみてください。
MMFとは?
MMFは外国投資信託の一種で、一般的な投資信託と比べると安全性の高い商品とされています。外貨預金やMRFとの違いなども含めて、まずは特徴を把握しておきましょう。
MMFとは?
MMF(マネー・マーケット・ファンド)とは、高い格付けの短期金融商品によって運用される投資信託のことです。米ドル・ユーロ・オーストラリアドル・カナダドルなどの外貨で運用されるため「外貨建てMMF」と呼ばれることも多くなっています。日本円で運用されるMMFは「マネー・マネジメント・ファンド」と呼ばれており、投資対象は似ているものの、外貨建てMMFとは別の商品です。日銀のマイナス金利が導入され、元本割れのリスクが出てきたため、運用難に陥ったMMFの繰り上げ償還が相次いだことから、現在円建てのMMFを買付することはできません。そのため、本記事では「外貨建てMMF」について解説します。
MMFの主な投資対象は公社債やCP(コマーシャルペーパー)、CD(譲渡性預金証書)などです。なお、CPとは、企業が1年未満の短期で資金調達するための無担保の約束手形のことを指し、CDは、第三者に譲渡可能な自由金利の大口定期預金のことを指します。
MMFは基本的に株式を投資対象に含んでいない点が特徴であり、一般的な投資信託よりも安全性を重視した商品といえるでしょう。ただし、ほかの投資信託同様に、元本保証があるわけではなく運用実績によって利回りが変化する点には注意が必要です。
また、売買手数料はかからないケースが多くなっています。松井証券でもMMFは購入・解約にかかる費用は無料であり、為替手数料のみで取引可能です。
【関連ページ】米ドルMMFの手数料
MMFと外貨預金の違い
MMFと外貨預金は「外貨で投資する」という点は共通しているものの、MMFは外国投資信託の一種であるため、特徴には以下のように違いがあります。
MMF
外貨預金
利回り
運用成果によって変動する。外貨預金よりも高い傾向あり
日々変動する
元本保証の有無
元本保証なし
外貨ベースで元本保証あり
換金性
いつでも解約可能
いつでも払出し可能
倒産時の資産管理
証券会社の資産と分別管理されるため、倒産時でも資産は保護される
預金保険制度の対象外のため、資産は保護されない
為替手数料
外貨預金よりも低めに設定されていることが多い
MMFよりも高めに設定されていることが多い
MMFとMRFの違い
MMFと同じような公社債投資信託として、「MRF」と呼ばれる商品があります。MRFは「マネー・リザーブ・ファンド」の頭文字を取ったものでMMFと基本的に投資対象は同じです。
しかし、MMFは証券口座を開設した後に都度購入する必要があるのに対して、MRFは証券口座への入金を済ませると自動的に運用されるといった違いがあります。また、MRFのほうがMMFより短期(残存期間の短い)かつ信用リスクを抑えた債券やCP、CDなどで運用されているといった点も違いです。
証券会社の中には、株式や投資信託などを購入するときにMRFを自動的に売却して買付代金に充当し、逆に売却したときは売却代金で自動的にMRFを購入するといった、いわば「投資資金の置き場所」として活用できるところもあります。
MMF
MRF
名称
Money Market Fund
Money Reserve Fund
投資先
国外
国内・国外
買い付けの有無
自己の判断による買い付け
自動で運用される
手数料の負担
あり(会社により解約手数料や為替手数料が発生)
なし
MMFと一般的な投資信託との違い
MMFは流動性を確保しつつ安定した収益を追求する金融商品です。そのため、短期の国債や地方債、社債などを投資対象とし、最低1,000〜1万円程度から1円単位で購入・売却できるようになっています。ただし、外貨で運用されるため、為替の動きが損益に影響する可能性があります。
一方、一般的な投資信託は株・債券・不動産など、銘柄によって投資対象が異なるため、リスク・リターンは銘柄によって大きな違いがあります。また、最低購入額はファンドごとに基準価額は違いますが一般的に1口1万円前後からで、投資対象によって日本円で運用するものと外貨で運用するものに分かれているのも特徴です。
なお、松井証券では、MMFは1万円以上1円単位で購入可能です。
【関連ページ】松井証券の米ドルMMF
MMFのメリットとデメリット
MMFにはほかの金融商品と同様に、メリットとデメリットがあります。投資すべきか判断する際の材料にしてください。
MMFのメリット
MMFは株式と比べて価格変動のリスクが低い公社債などで運用されているため、大きなリターンを得ることは難しいものの、安定したリターンを期待できます。
また、投資信託の分配金は元本に再投資されるため、利息が利息を生み出す「複利効果」を得やすくなる点もメリットです。外貨預金は元本に対してのみ利息が発生する「単利」で運用される商品が少なくないため、外貨預金よりもMMFの方が利回りは高くなる傾向があります。
さらにMMFを円高のときに購入し、円安になってから売却すれば為替差益を狙うことも可能です。例えば1ドル=140円のときに140万円分(1万ドル分)MMFを購入したとしましょう。これを、1ドル=150円のときに売却すれば、1万ドル×150円=150万円になり、差額の10万円が利益となります。
そのほかに、いつでも解約できる点もMMFのメリットといえるでしょう。松井証券では株式を売却するときや外貨預金を解約するときのように手数料が発生しないため、資金が必要になったタイミングで手数料を気にせず解約し、お金を引き出せます。
【関連ページ】大切だけど忘れがちな存在…「複利効果」
MMFのデメリット
MMFは投資信託の一種であるため、元本が保証されている商品ではありません。例えば市場金利が上昇すると、ファンドに組み込まれている債券の価格が下落して、MMFの価格が下落する可能性があります。また、円安時にMMFを購入し、その後円高が進んでから売却した場合には、為替差損を被るリスクもあるでしょう。あるいは、ファンドに組み込まれている公社債の発行体が財政難に直面し、債務不履行に陥るリスクも考えられます。比較的リスクの低い商品とはいわれているものの、損失を出す可能性が全くないわけではありません。
MMFと外貨預金に向いている人の特徴
ここでは、MMFと外貨預金、それぞれに向いている人の特徴を紹介します。許容できるリスクや求めるリターンなどに合わせて、どちらに投資するかを決めましょう。
MMFが向いている人
MMFは元本割れのリスクこそあるものの、複利効果が得られるため、相場次第で外貨預金よりも高い利回りに期待できます。また、為替手数料も外貨預金より低く抑えられるので、運用効率の高さを重視する人に向いているでしょう。
外貨預金が向いている人
外貨預金は、外貨ベースでは元本が保証され、リスクが抑えられている点がMMFとの大きな違いです。MMFと比べれば利回りは低くなりやすい傾向がありますが、マイナス金利(2024年1月段階)の日本円で預金をするよりは多くの利益を得られる可能性があります。大きなリスクを冒したくはないものの、少しでも資産を増やしていきたいと考えている人に向いているでしょう。
MMFとは流動性や安全性が魅力の金融商品
MMFは公社債や短期金融商品に投資する、外国投資信託です。少額で始められる点、流動性の高さなどが魅力の商品といえます。金利変動リスク・信用リスク・為替リスクなど、一定のリスクは存在するため、元本は保証されていません。しかし、ある程度安定した運用が可能であるため、なるべくリスクを抑えて投資を始めたい初心者や、安定的な資産にも分散投資しておきたい人は投資対象として検討してみるとよいでしょう。
<監修者>
川口一晃
<プロフィール>
1986 年銀行系証券会社に入社。銀行系投資顧問(現・三菱UFJ国際投信)や三洋投信で11年間ファンドマネージャーを務める。2004年10月に独立してオフィスKAZ 代表取締役に就任。テレビ番組やラジオなどメディア出演は多数。現在、FMナック5「お金の世界の歩き方」でパーソナリティを務める。「SMAP×SMAP」では木村拓哉氏とも対談。著書も多数。また、テレビ朝日のドラマ「アイムホーム」をはじめ、フジテレビの月9のドラマの監修も担当。行動経済学学会会員。
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Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总_pyangbind 0.8.1 requires enum34, which is not inst-CSDN博客
>Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总_pyangbind 0.8.1 requires enum34, which is not inst-CSDN博客
Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总
最新推荐文章于 2024-03-06 13:27:54 发布
Mohatarem
最新推荐文章于 2024-03-06 13:27:54 发布
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分类专栏:
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文章标签:
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版权声明:本文为博主原创文章,遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA 版权协议,转载请附上原文出处链接和本声明。
本文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/Mohatarem/article/details/107289877
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MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总
跨模态推理对人工智能至关重要。越来越需要对模态之间的交互进行建模(例如,视觉,语言),这样不仅能够改进AI对现有任务的预测能力,同时也能够发现新的应用点。
多模态AI问题包括视觉问答(visual question answering, VQA), 图像描述(image captioning)、 视觉对话(visual dialogue)、embodied AI、虚拟助手( virtual assistants)以及在社交媒体上检测不良内容(detecting hateful content on social media)。
更好的工具(对于研究人员提出新颖的想法以及对从业人员生产用例而言)都有可能加速多模式AI的发展。为此,Facebook AI Research(FAIR)新近开源了MMF(MultiModal Framework多模态框架) 这样一个视觉和语言多模态模块化框架。
这些内容出自Pytorch 团队在Medium上面对MMF的介绍,链接: 点这里.有兴趣的可以去看看MMF的官网,下面的安装也可以在官网中看到,碍于国内如果不翻Q可能进不去官网,在这里我就简要将官网内容进行翻译、整理,如有不当之处,以官网为准。
1.安装
官网要求提前安装好Python 3.7+ 和PyTorch 1.5.0,并推荐了两种安装方式,但是后面还是以source的方式为主
1.1 第一种方式 Install using pip
pip install --upgrade --pre mmf
这种方式主要是针对用户想要简单的安装完MMF,不关心后续MMF的新特性,同时这种方式适合只是将MMF作为库,不会在MMF中进行进一步开发的用户。
1.2 第二种方式 Install from source
从源代码安装的步骤如下:
git clone https://github.com/facebookresearch/mmf.git
cd mmf
pip install --editable .
在进行第三步前,最好看看MMF的Github资源中的requirements.txt,把里面需要提前安装好。需要特别强调的是torch一定要安装1.5.0版本的,具体是GPU还是CPU版都无所谓,但一定要是1.5.0,高一点的1.5.1不行哦。
1.3 Windows版本的Pytorch 1.5+
如果通过
pip install torch==1.5.0
会发现找不到对应的windows版,原因是pytorch并没有放出1.5+的windows版本给Pypi,当然如果是在Linux或是Mac上安装,是不存在这个问题的。 解决方法是通过官网提供的方式进行安装,直接进Pytorch官网,可以看到如图所示: 对于我们的需求,直接在conda Powershell中输入
pip install torch==1.5.0+cu101 torchvision==0.6.0+cu101 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html
当然这也要看你的CUDA装的是哪个版本的,更改相应的+cu10x就行,torchvision最好也换成0.6.0版本的,最新0.6.1好像是会报错。 如果想省点事,可以直接点击这里下载相应的windows版1.5.0 torch和0.6.0 torchvision CUDA10.1 + torch1.5.0,CUDA10.2 +torch1.5.0,CPU + torch1.5.0 CUDA10.1 + torchvision 0.6.0,CUDA10.2+ torchvision 0.6.0,CPU + torchvision 0.6.0
2.MMF 多模态框架使用过程中问题汇总
这里的问题主要是在windows10下载安装、使用MMF时出现的问题。我在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS下面安装时没有出现这些问题。
2.1 AttributeError: module ‘enum’ has no attribute ‘IntFlag’
参考https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41010198/article/details/87255393 ,直接通过
// 卸载掉enum34
pip uninstall enum34
卸载掉enum34就不会出现这个问题 但是在
pip install --editable .
缺出现ERROR: pysc2 3.0.0 requires enum34, which is not installed. 原因还是我们卸载掉了enum34,我还不知道会有什么后续影响以及解决办法,如果有知道的,还请告知。
2.2 OSError: [WinError 127] 找不到指定的程序。
在使用
mmf_run config=projects/m4c/configs/textvqa/defaults.yaml datasets=textvqa model=m4c run_type=train_val
进行训练时出现了下面这个问题:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\Scripts\mmf_run-script.py", line 33, in
sys.exit(load_entry_point('mmf', 'console_scripts', 'mmf_run')())
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\Scripts\mmf_run-script.py", line 25, in importlib_load_entry_point
return next(matches).load()
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\site-packages\importlib_metadata\__init__.py", line 96, in load
module = import_module(match.group('module'))
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\importlib\__init__.py", line 127, in import_module
return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
File "
File "
File "
File "
File "
File "
File "X:\mmf\mmf\mmf_cli\run.py", line 7, in
import torch
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\site-packages\torch\__init__.py", line 81, in
ctypes.CDLL(dll)
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\ctypes\__init__.py", line 364, in __init__
self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
OSError: [WinError 127] 找不到指定的程序。
2.2.1问题分析
从MMF的源文件的代码中的setup.py中可以看到
if __name__ == "__main__":
setuptools.setup(
///省略...
entry_points={
"console_scripts": [
"mmf_run = mmf_cli.run:run",
"mmf_predict = mmf_cli.predict:predict",
"mmf_convert_hm = mmf_cli.hm_convert:main",
]
},
)
mmf_run 实际上使用的是mmf_cli.run:run,如果我们打断点跟进去会发下其实是在
from mmf.common.registry import registry
出现错误,那也就是MMF的库没有导入成功。
根据报错可以看到最后是在
X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\ctypes\__init__.py
的 self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)卡住的。
这个错误一般是_dlopen没有找到需要的动态库,断点跟进去发现是加载’X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\site-packages\torch\lib\caffe2_detectron_ops_gpu.dll’时出现错误,但电脑该目录下是有这个库的,那也就是说明caffe2_detectron_ops_gpu.dll库的版本不对,但这个目录中的文件是torch自己配置的,虽然官方也有可能出错,但毕竟概率比较小。然而搜了一圈,没想到还真是官方出了问题
import torch
提示
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\site-packages\torch\__init__.py", line 81, in
ctypes.CDLL(dll)
File "X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\lib\ctypes\__init__.py", line 364, in __init__
self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
OSError: [WinError 127] 找不到指定的程序。
2.2.2 Pytorch 1.4+升级到1.5+出现的问题
这个问题的解答可以从Pytorch Issue里面看到,参考peterjc123的回答,将
X:\Anaconda3\envs\XXEnv\Lib\site-packages\torch\__init__.py
替换为init.py 同时将conda进行更新,有可能是conda做虚拟化环境没有处理好的原因,参见Pytorch Issue,办法是:
conda update conda
conda update anaconda
替换之后可以看到import torch 成功 但是我这里有出现了scipy.parse无法识别,解决方法为
pip uninstall scipy
conda install scipy
可能的原因是scipy需要升级。 最后可以测试
from mmf.common.registry import registry
from mmf.utils.build import build_config, build_trainer
from mmf.utils.configuration import Configuration
from mmf.utils.distributed import distributed_init, infer_init_method
from mmf.utils.env import set_seed, setup_imports
from mmf.utils.flags import flags
from mmf.utils.logger import Logger
都可以成功
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Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总
Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总(持续更新中…)跨模态推理对人工智能至关重要。越来越需要对模态之间的交互进行建模(例如,视觉,语言),这样不仅能够改进AI对现有任务的预测能力,同时也能够发现新的应用点。多模态AI问题包括视觉问答(visual question answering, VQA), 图像描述(image captioning)、 视觉对话(visual dialogue)、embodied AI、虚拟助手( virtual assistants)以及在社交媒体上检测不良内容(
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python34怎么安装_enum34未正确安装Python 2.7
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Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总
LouiseLi123456789:
请问一下,楼主是在做VQA吗,求指教:mmf-run这个指令怎么导入的,我直接跑的时候mmf_run config=projects/m4c/configs/textvqa/defaults.yaml datasets=textvqa model=m4c run_type=train_val
,报错:'mmf-run' 不是内部或外部命令,也不是可运行的程序
或批处理文件。
Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总
zdywind
回复
Mohatarem: 谢谢楼主,我也在看只是能力有限。要是能做成一个交互性的形式就完美了,一张新的图片(不是数据集中的图片)进去,直接可以问问题交互,O(∩_∩)O哈哈~
Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总
Mohatarem
回复
zdywind: 可以的,不过我还没有看完,待我研究好后会尽快更新
Pytorch MMF 多模态框架介绍及问题汇总
zdywind:
楼主能不能提供一些mmf使用教程,或者代码解析啥的
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Money Market Funds: What They Are, How They Work, Pros and Cons
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Money Market Funds: What They Are, How They Work, Pros and Cons
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What Is a Money Market Fund?
A money market fund is a kind of mutual fund that invests in highly liquid, near-term instruments. These instruments include cash, cash equivalent securities, and high-credit-rating, debt-based securities with a short-term maturity (such as U.S. Treasuries). Money market funds are intended to offer investors high liquidity with a very low level of risk. Money market funds are also called money market mutual funds.
While they sound similar in name, a money market fund is not the same as a money market account (MMA). A money market fund is an investment that is sponsored by an investment fund company. Therefore, it carries no guarantee of principal. A money market account is a type of interest-earning savings account. Money market accounts are offered by financial institutions. They are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and they typically have limited transaction privileges.
Key Takeaways
A money market fund is a type of mutual fund that invests in high-quality, short-term debt instruments, cash, and cash equivalents.Though not quite as safe as cash, money market funds are considered extremely low-risk on the investment spectrum. A money market fund generates income (taxable or tax-free, depending on its portfolio), but little capital appreciation.Money market funds should be used as a place to park money temporarily before investing elsewhere or making an anticipated cash outlay; they are not suitable as long-term investments.
How a Money Market Fund Works
Money market funds work like a typical mutual fund. They issue redeemable units or shares to investors, and they are mandated to follow the guidelines drafted by financial regulators (for example, those set by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission).
A money market fund may invest in the following types of debt-based financial instruments:
Bankers' Acceptances (BA)—short-term debt guaranteed by a commercial bank
Certificates of deposit (CDs)—bank-issued savings certificate with short-term maturity
Commercial paper—unsecured short-term corporate debt
Repurchase agreements (Repo)—short-term government securities
U.S. Treasuries—short-term government debt issues
Returns from these instruments are dependent on the applicable market interest rates, and therefore, the overall returns from the money market funds are also dependent on interest rates.
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Types of Money Market Funds
Money market funds are classified into various types depending on the class of invested assets, the maturity period, and other attributes.
Prime Money Fund
A prime money fund invests in floating-rate debt and commercial paper of non-Treasury assets, like those issued by corporations, U.S. government agencies, and government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs).
Government Money Fund
A government money fund invests at least 99.5% of its total assets in cash, government securities, and repurchase agreements that are fully collateralized by cash or government securities.
Treasury Fund
A Treasury fund invests in standard U.S. Treasury-issued debt securities, such as Treasury bills, Treasury bonds, and Treasury notes.
Tax-Exempt Money Fund
A tax-exempt money fund offers earnings that are free from U.S. federal income tax. Depending on the exact securities it invests in, a tax-exempt money fund may also have an exemption from state income taxes. Municipal bonds and other debt securities primarily constitute such types of money market funds.
Some money market funds are targeted to attract institutional money with a high minimum investment amount (oftentimes $1 million). Still, other money market funds are retail money funds and are accessible to individual investors as a result of their small minimums.
Special Considerations
The Net Asset Value (NAV) Standard
All the features of a standard mutual fund apply to a money market fund, with one key difference. A money market fund aims to maintain a net asset value (NAV) of $1 per share. Any excess earnings that get generated through interest on the portfolio holdings are distributed to the investors in the form of dividend payments. Investors can purchase or redeem shares of money market funds through investment fund companies, brokerage firms, and banks.
One of the primary reasons for the popularity of money market funds is their maintenance of the $1 NAV. This requirement forces the fund managers to make regular payments to investors, providing a regular flow of income for them. It also allows easy calculations and tracking of the net gains the fund generates.
Breaking the Buck
Occasionally, a money market fund may fall below the $1 NAV. This creates a condition that is sometimes referred to with the colloquial term "breaking the buck." When this condition occurs, it may be attributed to temporary price fluctuations in the money markets. However, if it persists, the condition may trigger a moment when the investment income of the money market fund fails to exceed its operating expenses or investment losses.
For example, if the fund used excess leverage in purchasing instruments—or overall interest rates dropped to very low levels nearing zero—and the fund broke the buck, then one of these scenarios could lead to a condition where the fund cannot meet redemption requests. If this happens, regulators may jump in and force the fund's liquidation. However, instances of breaking the buck are very rare.
In 1994, the first instance of breaking the buck occurred. The Community Bankers U.S. Government Money Market Fund was liquidated at $0.96 per share. This was the result of large losses that the fund incurred following a period of heavy investment in derivatives.
In 2008, following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the venerable Reserve Primary Fund also broke the buck. The fund held millions of the Lehman Brothers debt obligations, and panicked redemptions by its investors caused its NAV to fall to $0.97 per share. The pullout of money caused the Reserve Primary Fund to liquidate. This event triggered mayhem throughout the money markets.
To prevent this from happening again, in 2010—in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis—the SEC issued new rules to better manage money market funds. These rules were intended to provide more stability and resilience by placing tighter restrictions on portfolio holdings and introducing provisions for imposing liquidity fees and suspending redemptions.
Regulation of Money Market Funds
In the U.S., money market funds are under the purview of the SEC. This regulatory body defines the necessary guidelines for the characteristics, maturity, and variety of allowable investments in a money market fund.
Under the provisions, a money fund mainly invests in the top-rated debt instruments, and they should have a maturity period under 13 months. The money market fund portfolio is required to maintain a weighted average maturity (WAM) period of 60 days or less. This WAM requirement means that the average maturity period of all the invested instruments—taken in proportion to their weights in the fund portfolio—should not be more than 60 days. This maturity limitation is done to ensure that only highly liquid instruments qualify for investments, and the investor’s money is not locked into long-maturity instruments that can mar the liquidity.
A money market fund is not allowed to invest more than 5% in any one issuer (in order to avoid issuer-specific risk). However, government-issued securities and repurchase agreements provide an exception to this rule.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Money Market Funds
Money market funds compete against similar investment options, such as bank money market accounts, ultrashort bond funds, and enhanced cash funds. These investment options may invest in a wider variety of assets, as well as aim for higher returns.
The primary purpose of a money market fund is to provide investors with a safe avenue for investing in secure and highly liquid, cash-equivalent, debt-based assets using smaller investment amounts. In the realm of mutual-fund-like investments, money market funds are characterized as low-risk, low-return investments.
Many investors prefer to park substantial amounts of cash in such funds for the short term. However, money market funds are not suitable for long term investment goals, like retirement planning. This is because they don’t offer much capital appreciation.
Money market funds appear attractive to investors as they come with no loads—no entry charges or exit charges. Many funds also provide investors with tax-advantaged gains by investing in municipal securities that are tax-exempt at the federal tax level (and in some instances at the state level, too).
Pros
Very low-risk
Highly liquid
Better returns than bank accounts
Cons
Not FDIC-insured
No capital appreciation
Sensitive to interest rate fluctuations, monetary policy
It's important to keep in mind that money market funds are not covered by the FDIC's federal deposit insurance, while money market deposit accounts, online savings accounts, and certificates of deposit, are covered by this type of insurance. Like other investment securities, money market funds are regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
An active investor who has time and knowledge to hunt around for the best possible short-term debt instruments—offering the best possible interest rates at their preferred levels of risk—may prefer investing on their own in the various available instruments. On the other hand, a less-savvy investor may prefer taking the money market fund route by delegating the money management task to the fund operators.
Fund shareholders can typically withdraw their money at any time, but they may have a limit on the number of times they can withdraw within a certain period.
History of Money Market Funds
Money market funds were designed and launched during the early 1970s in the U.S. They gained rapid popularity because they were an easy way for investors to purchase a pool of securities that, in general, offered better returns than those available from a standard interest-bearing bank account.
Commercial paper has become a common component of many money market funds. Previously, money market funds held only government bonds. However, this transition away from only government bonds resulted in higher yields. At the same time, it was this reliance on commercial paper that led to the Reserve Primary Fund crisis.
In addition to the reforms that the SEC introduced in 2010, the SEC also implemented some fundamental structural changes to the way they regulate money market funds in 2016.
These changes required prime institutional money market funds to float their NAV and no longer maintain a stable price. Retail and U.S. government money market funds were allowed to maintain the stable $1 per share policy. The regulations also provided non-government money market fund boards with new tools to address runs.
Money Market Funds Today
Today, money market funds have become one of the core pillars of the present-day capital markets. For investors, they offer a diversified, professionally-managed portfolio with high daily liquidity. Many investors use money market funds as a place to park their cash until they decide on other investments or for funding needs that may arise in the short-term.
The interest rates that are available on the various instruments that constitute the portfolio of a money market fund are the key factors that determine the return from a given money market fund. Looking at historical data is enough to provide sufficient details on how money market returns have fared.
During the decade spanning from 2000 to 2010, the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Bank led to short-term interest rates—the rates banks pay to borrow money from one another—hovering around 0%. These near-zero rates meant money market fund investors saw returns that were significantly lower, compared to those in the prior decades. Further, with the tightening of regulations after the 2008 financial crisis, the number of investable securities grew smaller.
Another economic policy in recent years that has had an adverse impact on money market funds is quantitative easing (QE). QE is an unconventional monetary policy where a central bank purchases government securities or other securities from the market in order to lower interest rates and increase the money supply.
As major economies across the globe—including the U.S.—followed QE measures in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, a good portion of the QE money made its way into money market mutual funds as a haven. This migration of funds led to interest rates remaining low for a long duration, and the diminishing of returns from money market funds.
Are Money Market Funds Safe?
Yes. For the most part, money market funds are among the safest of all investments, with a target value of $1 per share. Money market funds have only dipped below this value ("broken the buck") on a small number of occasions (associated with financial crises) and have quickly bounced back,
What Was the First Money Market Fund?
The first money market mutual fund appeared in 1971 and was called "The Reserve Fund."
Is a Money Market Account the Same as a Money Market Fund?
No. A money market fund is a mutual fund investment that holds short-term treasuries and other money market instruments. A money market account is a bank product that credits depositors a rate of interest.
The Bottom Line
A money market fund is a type of mutual fund that invests in low-risk, short-term debt instruments such as U.S. Treasuries, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit (CDs). These funds offer investors high liquidity with a very low level of risk. While similar in name to money market accounts (MMAs), money market funds differ because they are investment products without FDIC insurance, and their principal value fluctuates. They are intended as a short-term, liquid investment, providing little capital appreciation but generating modest income through interest. Money market funds aim to maintain a net asset value (NAV) of $1 per share and are popular for their stability and regular income generation, although they are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations.
The regulation and structure of these funds have evolved, especially following the 2008 financial crisis, to enhance market stability and investor protection. Today, money market funds remain a vital part of the capital markets, offering a safe, liquid investment option for institutional and individual investors.
Article Sources
Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our
editorial policy.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "2014 Money Market Fund Reform Frequently Asked Questions."
TreasuryDirect. "Treasury Securities & Programs."
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "What Are Municipal Bonds."
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "Money Market Fund."
Investment Company Institute. "Re: IOSeO Money Market Fund Systemic Risk Analysis and Reform Options," Page 5.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "ECF Case 09 Civ. 4346 (PGG) Memorandum Opinion," Page 8.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "SEC Approves Money Market Fund Reforms to Better Protect Investors."
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "Staff Responses to Questions About Money Market Fund Reform."
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "SEC Adopts Money Market Fund Reform Rules."
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. "Are My Deposit Accounts Insured by the FDIC?"
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "Money Market Funds."
Matthew P. Fink. "The rise of mutual funds: an insider's view." Oxford University Press USA, 2011.
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What Threesome Participants Think of MMF and FFM Play | Psychology Today
What Threesome Participants Think of MMF and FFM Play | Psychology Today
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Michael Castleman M.A.
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What Threesome Participants Think of MMF and FFM Play
Most threesomes bring pleasure, especially when they include romantic partners.
Posted April 14, 2023
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Reviewed by Gary Drevitch
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THE BASICS
The Fundamentals of Sex
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Key points
Most couples demand monogamy, but some negotiate consensual non-monogamy (CNM): threesomes, partner swaps, and swinging.
For couples interested in CNM, genuine consent and clear ground rules are essential.
Threesomes seem easiest—just one extra person. But if two play, the third may feel bad. Partner swaps often work better.
In our culture, most couples demand monogamy. For many, any breach of sexual exclusivity spells disaster: “He cheated. It’s over.” Meanwhile, some people feel stifled by monogamy, but don’t want to deceive their partners. Instead, they negotiate some form of consensual non-monogamy (CNM)—swinging with their partners, or mutually disclosed liaisons with other lovers. Among CNM arrangements, threesomes loom large; couples need only one other person for two men with one woman (MMF) or two women with one man (FFM).
Recently, researchers at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, asked heterosexuals involved in threesomes what they thought of their most recent experiences. Everyone, both men and women, called them enjoyable. Most wanted to repeat them.
The Study
The investigators solicited participants using social media and 3Fun, a mobile threesome app. Respondents included 276 heterosexual adults (217 men, 59 women; average age 34) who had experienced mixed-gender threesomes and were willing to complete a 20-minute survey.
Three-quarters were white, one-quarter non-white.
One-third were married, with 7 percent dating, 24 percent single, and the rest “other.”
18 percent said they were involved in ongoing open and/or polyamorous relationships.
Respondents in couples said they’d been with their partners for an average of seven years.
Almost two-thirds of the threesomes involved respondents’ romantic partners.
The survey offered only two gender choices, male and female. Nonbinary individuals were not included.
The survey listed more than a dozen sexual activities, and asked which the respondents had engaged in with each of the two others in their most recent threesomes. Participants averaged 14 erotic actions with other-gender playmates, but few, if any, with those of their own gender. This split is not surprising; the participants were all self-identified heterosexuals. But some, overwhelmingly the women, were open to same-gender play. Many studies have shown that compared with men, women are more sexually flexible.
The researchers asked if respondents’ most recent threesomes met their expectations for erotic fun and satisfaction. They offered a 5-point scale, with 1 indicating “far below my expectations,” 3 “what I expected,” and 5 “far above my expectations.” The average score was 3.74: enjoyment somewhat above expectations.
The researchers also asked if respondents were open to another threesome with the same partners. They used a 3-point scale—1 indicating no, 2 maybe, and 3 yes. The average was 2.39—maybe tilting toward yes. The women expressed a strong preference for threesomes that included their romantic partners. The men were willing to have more threesomes with any other women. Many studies have shown that compared to women, men are more open to casual sex.
Finally, during their most recent threesomes, 88 percent said they’d had orgasms, corroborating the finding that the experience was pleasurable. Orgasms overwhelmingly occurred during other-gender play—with their romantic partner or another different-gender playmate. The large majority of those who did not have orgasms were women who played with two men, neither of whom provided sufficient stimulation to allow the women to climax.
THE BASICS
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Outliers But Normal
Sexologists estimate that 3 to 5 percent of married couples have tried swinging, and that 1 to 2 percent regularly play that way. A Temple University survey of 2,270 U.S. adults showed that 4 percent reported ongoing CNM. And in a representative sample of 2,003 Canadian adults, 4 percent said they were in open relationships, and 12 percent said they wanted that type of relationship. But an Indiana University study of 2,021 adults showed that 10 percent of the women and 18 percent of the men had participated in at least one threesome.
For argument’s sake, let’s accept the conservative estimate that only 3 percent of couples try CNM. Census figures estimate 72 million American couples—64 million married, and 8 million cohabiting. If 3 percent experience CNM play, that’s 2.16 million couples or 4.32 million people, enough to support sex and swing clubs in every North American metropolitan area and many rural locales—which is what we have. If you’re skeptical, Google “sex clubs” or “swing clubs” anywhere. You might be surprised.
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Beginning non-monogamists gravitate toward threesomes—just one other person to contend with. But it’s often difficult to find single women. And in threesomes, if one member of the couple is playing with the third person, the other may feel left out. Foursome partner swapping is usually easier to arrange and emotionally preferable: Coupled women are more plentiful and there’s someone for everyone.
The next issue is mutuality of consent. Ideally, both partners should be equally into CNM. If not, couples typically try it once or twice, then the one who’s less interested says, “Never again.”
Assuming you’re both interested, ground rules are key. What exactly do you want to do? What can you tolerate your partner doing? Are you more into clubs or private get-togethers? And what if something unexpected happens? Couples happiest with CNM discuss all their what-ifs extensively beforehand.
In fact, adventurous sex accounts for only part of CNM’s allure. Equally compelling are the what-if discussions that deepen partners’ emotional intimacy. Be as specific as possible, and work to prevent freak-outs. ("I’m okay with you kissing a stranger, getting naked, and giving hand jobs and oral, but not intercourse.”) Another issue is spousal presence. Many non-monogamous couples insist on same-room play to keep an eye on each other. Others feel comfortable with separate rooms. Discuss this.
Remember, the goal of non-monogamy is to draw couples closer, not drive them apart. But despite careful preparation, when one sees the other cavorting naked with one or more strangers, freak-outs are always possible. That’s why it’s prudent to arrange a “safe word,” or discomfort signal: for example, “red light.” When one utters it, the other immediately stops everything and attends to the partner’s concerns. Abide by your safe word absolutely.
If you’re curious but nervous, consider visiting a club, where you’re free to watch others play while touching only your partner. Clubs go out of their way to make newcomers feel comfortable. Just watching is fine, and rules are clearly posted, typically: No alcohol. “No” means no. And condoms required. Most clubs provide free condoms and lubricant, and have roving monitors who enforce the rules. If watching works for both of you, you might subsequently become more adventurous. A slow, step-by-step approach usually works best, with plenty of what-if discussions along the way.
References
Fairbrother, N. et al. “Open Relationship Prevalence, Characteristics, and Correlates in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Adults,” Journal of Sex Research (2019) 56:695.
Haupert, M.L. et al. “Prevalence of Experiences with Consensual Non-Monogamous Relationships: Findings from Two National Samples of Single Americans,” Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy (2017) 43:424.
Herbenick, D. et al. “Sexual Diversity in the United States: Results from a Nationally Representative Probability Sample of Adult Women and Men,” PLoS One (2017) 12:7:e0181198.
Jenks, RT. “Swinging: A Review of the Literature,” Archives of Sexual Behavior (1998) 27:507
Levine, E.C. et al. “Open Relationships, Nonconsensual Non-monogamy, and Monogamy Among U.S. Adults: Findings from the 2012 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior,” Archives of Sexual Behavior (2018) 47:1439.
Thompson, AE et al. “An Empirical Investigation of Variations in Outcomes Associated with Heterosexual Adults’ Most Recent Mixed-Sex Threesome Experience,” Archives of Sexual Behavior (2022) 51:3021. Doi: 10.1007/s10508-022-02299-3.
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About the Author
Michael Castleman, M.A., is a San Francisco-based journalist. He has written about sexuality for 36 years.
Online: GreatSexGuidance Website, Facebook, Twitter
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货币市场基金 - 知乎
货币市场基金 - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册货币市场基金货币市场基金(Money Market Fund,简称MMF)是指投资于货币市场上短期(一年以内,平均期限120天)有价证券的一种投资基金。查看全部内容关注话题管理分享简介讨论精华视频等待回答切换为时间排序货币基金年收益都比定存还高了,以后银行还怎么活?Ronnie X电影产业等 9 个话题下的优秀答主余额宝的1000亿也好,百付宝的半小时售罄也罢,一定要意识到的事实是,这个数字对于传统商业银行而言,实在还九牛一毛。例如,工行今年中报显示的其存款总额高达14.5万亿。 实际上,目前互联网理财产品的真正用户,和传统银行吸引存款的客户并不重合。互联网理财产品的用户,多半是收入中等,熟悉互联网,资产很难够到传统理财产品门槛的城市年轻人;在此之前,他们并不了解理财产品的接触渠道和益处。 学习如何分析和选择一只股…阅读全文赞同 35152 条评论分享收藏喜欢中信银行推出的信诚薪金宝怎么样?和余额宝相比优势在何处?别业居幽处IT+金融谢邀。我看了一些网上的报道: 信诚薪金宝货币基金将于4月28日起发行 这个品类可能是未来的一个热点。最近有不少基金公司都在筹划货币基金和工资薪金奖金等对接。这种合作一定是和某个有渠道或者最终用户数量的资源方合作。 货基和工资奖金对接其实不是什么新思路,基金公司强制把员工薪金打入货基这破事并不少见。 这个事我关注的合作点是: 1.便捷开户(企业用户、个人用户的开户流程;两个资源对接方的客户资料导入是否还要做…阅读全文赞同 13415 条评论分享收藏喜欢如何选购货币基金?李腾数学改变生活之前回答过一个几乎一样的问题:如何挑选货币基金? - 货币市场基金 ,将答案直接粘贴过来了。因为所有货基风险都相当低,所以我认为没必要看风险指标,所有产品的风险一般人都能接受(除非需要极高流动性并对收益率的微小变化极为敏感的人)。 直接比较长期收益率,例如近3年,近5年的收益率,然后选最高者即可。 若为分散风险,可选长期收益率最高的3~5只,等权投资。 此外可以考虑选择机构持有比例较低的货基,并在其它条件近…阅读全文赞同 14添加评论分享收藏喜欢货币基金年收益都比定存还高了,以后银行还怎么活?Sgt Pepper2015 年度新知答主问题货币基金,但描述基本上是余额宝类似产品,建议题目修改为余额宝类似产品…… 一、货币基金(余额宝)的优势大家都清楚,余额宝的优势是低风险、高收益(相对于银行存款),放到互联网上(余额宝)减少了过去通过银行购买的时间成本。余额宝做的好的地方,门槛低、T+0、购买简单、查询方便清楚,结合支付宝巨大的客户群,让更多人认识到还有这样一种简单、便捷、保险的赚取收益的方式。余额宝快速膨胀就一点都不奇怪了。 二…阅读全文赞同 15428 条评论分享收藏喜欢货币基金里的,七个老司机越女来知乎度劫的。。。货基宝宝,已经成为我们离不了的一个现金管理工具。 它几乎没有门槛、随时存取、十分方便,最重要是风险很低。 虽然作用只相当于「零钱包」,无法帮我们赚大钱。但选好了,惊喜也不小。 苍蝇再瘦,也是肉嘛~ 所以今天越女就做了一个盘点—— 今年以来,收益最高的一个货基宝宝,是什么? 以及,有哪几支货币,年年收益都很高,值得我们长期拥有。听听就很兴奋的感觉...其实盘点起来十分痛苦,手要抽筋了... 1、 今年收益最好的货…阅读全文赞同 398 条评论分享收藏如何选购货币基金?花牛大叔-谈基金专注基金定投,稳稳当当去投资,踏踏实实过日子.大家对余额宝 应该都比较熟悉, 这个余额宝就是货币基金。 接下来我会用一个简单能理解的 思维以及特别实用的方法 教大家 如何找比余额宝收益更高的货币基金。 备注: 本系列文章 不推荐基金, 只普及基金基础知识和方法!所有的案例都是随便选择,请勿模仿。1.货币基金(概念)货币基金主要用来投资短期的货币工具,一般是不超过四个月的, 国债、票据、银行定期存单、政府短期债券以及一些信用比较高的大型企业所发行的短期债…阅读全文赞同 276 条评论分享收藏喜欢货币基金有那么多优点,那么我是不是该把钱都存到余额宝去?方帅公号【定投圈】当然可以啦 [图片] 不过,过不了几天, 当你查看支付宝里的货币基金, 你会惊奇的发现 [图片] 你开始后悔 [图片] 然后你陷入了思考 [图片] 我来告诉你吧 [图片] 作为野生实战派基金教练 [图片] 告诉你个方法, 轻松超过余额宝。 [图片] 如果想学, 那我们现在开始吧 这篇回答将分为5部分, 只要学会前4部分, 买货币基金不求人, 轻松超过余额宝。 [图片] 还想赚更多的同学, 可以再看最后1部分, 搞懂了,收益能顶100个余额宝。 为了方便学习, 先放出文章目录 一、货币基金是咋回事 二、…阅读全文赞同 22017 条评论分享收藏喜欢货币基金年收益都比定存还高了,以后银行还怎么活?Alex银行等 6 个话题下的优秀答主反对楼上某些观点。 1、首先,余额宝收益率高于银行定期存款就是个错误的说法。 银行存款有活期、1年定期、5年定期等各种期限,或许余额宝目前为止的收益率已经比肩银行5年期定期存款,但是实际上余额宝才运转了5个月不到,不要把这个五个月的收益率当作未来永远可以保持的收益率,且特别需要注意的是余额宝至今为止领先于所有货币基金的收益率,是在一定特殊背景下产生的:A、余额宝成立时间正好赶上钱慌,那个时候的债券价格比…阅读全文赞同 17226 条评论分享收藏喜欢基金小讲|货币基金购买小技巧霍霍小哥公众号“霍霍小哥”,研究基金投资那些事《 基金小讲|货币基金挑选一二三 》给出了一些货币基金的挑选原则,这篇继续介绍货币基金挑选的小tips或者一些冷门知识点。 一、不是所有的B类产品都是500万起场外货币基金大部分都会设A类和B类两类基金份额,两类基金份额按照不同的费率计提销售服务费、单独设置基金代码,并单独公布基金份额净值。 AB类的主要区别是申购起点和销售服务费费用: 1)申购起点:A类主要面向普通投资者,一般没有申购起点要求,现在各大平台都是1分…阅读全文赞同 4添加评论分享收藏买指数基金还是货币基金?大白快跑公众号:bigwhiterun。谈股说基,一起走过坑长岁月!这两类基金,不论是在收益上,还是风险上,都是 完全不同的两种基金。 指数基金,高收益、高波动,适合于满足追求较高收益,并能承受较大风险的投资需求; 货币基金,低收益、低波动,适合于满足几乎不太能承受风险,且追求小幅资本增值的投资需求。从 几个角度来说说这个问题吧:指基、货基的收益与风险特征差别有多大;指数基金到底是什么,有哪些花样繁出的指基可供选择;指数基金的价值在哪里,收益与风险水平如何;谁应该选…阅读全文赞同 13添加评论分享收藏喜欢货币基金有那么多优点,那么我是不是该把钱都存到余额宝去?盐选点金知乎 官方账号货币基金已经成为大众理财的重要选择之一,特别每逢长假和年底,收益率都会猛猛的涨一波,让投资者收益颇丰。不过,货币基金也是基金,不保本,有小概率会发生亏损。 货币基金的特点 首先解释一下货币基金的定义:货币基金是聚集社会闲散资金,由基金管理人运作,基金托管人保管资金的一种开放式基金,专门投向风险小的货币市场工具,区别于其他类型的开放式基金,具有高安全性、高流动性、稳定收益性,具有准储蓄的特征。货币基…阅读全文赞同 117添加评论分享收藏喜欢货币基金排名有能回答的吗。?米多多投资等 2 个话题下的优秀答主一篇文章教你学会挑选低风险高收益的货基。 最近不少朋友在抱怨余额宝的收益越来越低了, 原来一万块钱存余额宝,每天的收益还勉强能买杯豆浆(1.5元),现在每天也就买三分之一杯都够呛(0.5元左右), 余额宝的收益越来越低,目前的7日年化只能有2%了, [图片] 余额宝本质是一种货币基金, 它阵亡之后,货币基金如何才能投得安心,买得放心,值得稍微花心思研究一下。 1、什么是货币基金货币基金的全称是货币市场基金,专门投向市场…阅读全文赞同 291 条评论分享收藏喜欢余额宝限购又升级了...越女来知乎度劫的。。。今天开始,余额宝每天的购买上限就降为2万了...以前每天可以买10万的... 该措施于12月8日0时起实施。 余额宝说98%的用户不会受影响,因为现在,人均持有额仅为3885.14元。 另外,虽然单天购买上限下降了,但累计还是可以持有10万的——也就是说,以前一天就能一步到位持有10万,现在不行了,要分几天买。 我个人觉得吧,应该还是影响挺大的。 随便说下,其实余额宝也只是诸多货币基金的一种。 大家也可以考虑下其它产品作为补充…阅读全文赞同 6037 条评论分享收藏【干货】秒杀余额宝的货币基金定投君公号:定投从零开始01 | 先上结论因为余额宝的推广,开始用货币基金来理财的人越来越多,目前市场上有700多只货币基金应该如何选择?怎么买才能买到比余额宝高收益率高的货币基金? [图片] 首推004137博时合惠货币B [图片] 货币基金首推:004137博时合惠货币B,5万起申购。这是支付宝能买到的最好的货币基金,没有之一。 货币基金第二推荐梯队:001234国金众赢货币,002758建信现金增利,000533永赢货币 02 | 如何选择货币基金的主要投资方向是货币市场(主要是期…阅读全文赞同 691 条评论分享收藏聊聊短期债券基金彭澎 Current指数交易者 公众号:ETF之家2018年的冬天,真是几家欢喜几家愁呀,股票型基金年内平均收益为-22.81%,连私募一哥的基都给清盘了。 昨天各大媒体纷纷报道,震惊私募界: [图片] 而另一类基金正享受着牛市的盛宴,那就是今天的主角——债券型基金,新发行产品被投资者疯抢。 [图片] 以年内平均收益3.15%获得基金届的头把交椅。 [图片] 既然债券型基金那么牛,我们就一起来“深挖”下债券基金的老底。 什么是债券基金 要搞懂债券型基金,首选得了解什么是债券。这么理解,B同学向A…阅读全文赞同 484 条评论分享收藏余额宝的闲钱多赚靠谱吗?美食F君咖啡达人|乐于分享美食和厨房家电先说结论:基本靠谱但不推荐。“闲钱多赚”是什么“闲钱多赚”实际上就是支付宝设定的一种自动买入理财产品的服务,有图有真相,请注意图中红色框内的文字。 [图片] 这里所指的“闲钱”是指在余额宝持续闲置至少7天以上的资金金额,而且要求金额大于1000元。当你同意使用“闲钱多赚”服务后,闲钱会自动买入某款理财产品。 余额宝和理财产品,你可以理解为活期存款和定期存款,所以理财产品的收益会高于余额宝。 理财产品基本上都要求到…阅读全文赞同 24246 条评论分享收藏喜欢如何选购货币基金?聊财不聊人不做东郭先生!!!想知道如何选货币基金,看这篇回答就够了,不接受反驳哦 ,不信往下看。 作为配置我们资产的低风险保守型选择——货基无疑是很不错的选择。 记住是资产配置选择,不是全部资产投货币基金,想要保值增值,货币基金可就远远达不到要求喽 说到货币基金,不得不提起余额宝(本质也是货币基金)。想当初余额宝推出的时候,收益率一度高达7%左右,受到我们无数普通老百姓追捧。可惜啊,由于抢了银行的饭碗,银行当然不能坐以待毙,开始…阅读全文赞同 51111 条评论分享收藏喜欢建信养老飞月宝的收益怎样呢?和余额宝相比之下风险更高?美食F君咖啡达人|乐于分享美食和厨房家电建信飞月宝的收益在大概是年化3.X%,风险不高,可以理解为和银行理财产品差不多。 与余额宝相比它们根本不是同一类,不好直接比较。打个比方,苹果和橙子,不好直接比较哪个更好。这款理财产品我曾经购买了一年多,分享下感受吧。 最近余额宝的年化收益已经跌穿2%,建信飞月宝的优势是收益比余额宝高一截,能达到3%以上。数值上好像差了很多,其实这1%的差距真不多,1万存1年也就是100元,余额宝里面本来就不应该存很多钱,所以…阅读全文赞同 49添加评论分享收藏喜欢月薪2000元,买入货币基金可以吗?定投君公号:定投从零开始可以买,货币基金低风险,回报稳定。 先来了解一下货币型基金是什么?货币型基金的投资标的都是货币市场工具,即剩余期限在1年内的债务工具,包括:1年以内(含1年)的银行存款、剩余期限在397天以内(含397天)的债券、期限在1年以内(含1年)的中央银行票据等。上述这些工具通常由政府、金融机构以及信誉较高的大企业发行,具有流动性好、安全性高且收益相对稳定的特征。更重要的是,一般投资者无法直接参与货币市场工具的投资…阅读全文赞同 151 条评论分享收藏喜欢浏览量4367 万讨论量1.6 万 帮助中心知乎隐私保护指引申请开通机构号联系我们 举报中心涉未成年举报网络谣言举报涉企虚假举报更多 关于知乎下载知乎知乎招聘知乎指南知乎协议更多京 ICP 证 110745 号 · 京 ICP 备 13052560 号 - 1 · 京公网安备 11010802020088 号 · 京网文[2022]2674-081 号 · 药品医疗器械网络信息服务备案(京)网药械信息备字(2022)第00334号 · 广播电视节目制作经营许可证:(京)字第06591号 · 服务热线:400-919-0001 · Investor Relations · © 2024 知乎 北京智者天下科技有限公司版权所有 · 违法和不良信息举报:010-82716601 · 举报邮箱:jubao@zhihu.
MMF是什么单位,又是怎么换算来的? - 知乎
MMF是什么单位,又是怎么换算来的? - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册电磁学MMF是什么单位,又是怎么换算来的?今天看到有个测试磁力的设备,测试结果单位用MMF,问了下作业人员,只知道是与电流有关的。关注者2被浏览1,558关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题添加评论分享1 个回答默认排序YFdyh一个路人 关注磁动势发布于 2013-08-14 08:59赞同 1添加评论分享收藏喜欢收起
MMF - What does MMF stand for? The Free Dictionary
MMF - What does MMF stand for? The Free Dictionary
MMF - What does MMF stand for? The Free Dictionary https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/MMFPrinter Friendly
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MMF Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Category filter: Show All (63)Most Common (0)Technology (25)Government & Military (8)Science & Medicine (8)Business (14)Organizations (15)Slang / Jargon (8)AcronymDefinitionMMFMedjunarodni Monetarni Fond (Croatian: International Monetary Fund)MMFMultimedia FusionMMFMulti-Mode FiberMMFMoney Market FundMMFMycophenolate Mofetil (immunosupressant drug)MMFMemphis May Fire (band)MMFMake Me Famous (band)MMFMulti-Manager FundMMFMake Money Fast (scam)MMFMicrosoft Message FileMMFMulti Media FusionMMFMulti Media FrameworkMMFMobile Maintenance FacilityMMFMulti Media ForumMMFMail Message FileMMFMessage Management FileMMFMobility Management FunctionMMFMulti Media FileMMFMulti Mode Optical FiberMMFMultiple Master FontMMFMobile Music FormatMMFMale, Male, FemaleMMFManitoba Metis FederationMMFMarche Mondiale des Femmes (French: World Women's March)MMFMobile Manufacturers ForumMMFMarshmallow FondantMMFMagnetomotive ForceMMFMusic Managers Forum (various locations)MMFMulti-Scale Modeling Framework (meteorology)MMFMemory Mapped FileMMFMeredith Music Festival (Australia)MMFMouvement Montréal Français (French: Montreal French Movement; Canada)MMFMobile Marketing Forum (Mobile Marketing Association)MMFMy Most FavoriteMMFMori Memorial Foundation (Japan)MMFMilitary Medical FacilityMMFMy Medical Files (health informatics system)MMFMoney, Macroeconomics and Finance (various schools)MMFMaxillomandibular FixationMMFmultimedia filterMMFMissions and Means FrameworkMMFMatsumoto Music Festival (Japan)MMFMorgan-Mercer-Flodin (sigmoidal four parameter mathematical growth model)MMFMinimal Marketable Feature (software value measure)MMFMabel Mercer Foundation (New York, NY)MMFMacroeconomic Management and Financial Sector IssuesMMFMercy MedflightMMFMajor Metal Fab (Wheeling, IL)MMFManufacturer's Maintenance FacilityMMFMicro Micro Farad (electronics)MMFMidwest Mastiff FanciersMMFMultimediaforgeMMFMeet-Me Facility (D-mark room/floor/building)MMFMilitary Modeling FrameworkMMFMultimedia Formats InterfaceMMFMode Mismatch FailureMMFMichigan Motor Freight CompanyMMFMaster Manufacturing FormulaMMFMobile Maintenance/Module FacilityMMFMobile Missile/Meteorological FacilityMMFMaster Message FileMMFMultifamily Mortgage FinanceMMFMultinational Maritime ForceCopyright 1988-2018 AcronymFinder.com, All rights reserved.
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References in periodicals archive
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Thus, recent works on MMF links ([greater than or equal to] 10 Gb/s) using optical OFDM have been able to support transmission up to 1000 m only.Extended Reach 10 Gb/s Transmission with an Optical I/Q Modulator Using VCSELs over OFDM-Based Multimode Fiber LinkMMF alone inhibited T cell proliferation with an [IC.sub.50] of 0.4 nM (Figure 5(c)); MPA, a metabolite of MMF, had an [IC.sub.50] of 149.6 nM (Figure 5(d)).Effect of a Combination of Prednisone or Mycophenolate Mofetil and Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Lupus Symptoms in [MRL.Fas.sup.lpr] MiceThe first task was to reclassify our research library collection, integrating it with the research collection of the Moravian Archives of the Southern Province of the Moravian Church in North America, with whom the MMF shares a facility.THE MORAVIAN MUSIC FOUNDATION EXPERIENCE USING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS DOWNLOADED FROM RISMThe relative number of feces of MMF in bamboo edge and interior were significantly less than that of CMF ([[CHI].sup.2] = 5.43, df = 1, p = 0.02; and [[CHI].sup.2] = 22.15, df = 1, p < 0.001; respectively), and there were relatively more feces in grass land than that of CMF ([[CHI].sup.2] = 35.84, df = 1, p < 0.001).Impacts of man-made provisioned food on learned cub behaviours of giant pandas in pre-release reintroduction trainingreported a patient with HLH and SLE who was treated with MMF. In their case report, anti-dsDNA antibodies and complements were within normal limits.Successful Treatment of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated with Lupus Nephritis by Using Mycophenolate MofetilMMF, n(%)###26 (16.6)###9 (10.8)###6 (17.6)###11 (30.5)###0.035Analysis of liver function test abnormalities in kidney transplant recipients: 7 year experienceYesterday, the watchdog Financial Conduct Authority announced that MMF will be paying compensation to 2,000 customers for "historic failures in its due diligence and collections process".No credit where credit's dueResults: Patients treated by MMF had fewer complications, 3 (10%) as compared to patients treated by miniplate without MMF or non-rigid fixation with MMF, 16.7% (5) in each group.POST OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS IN MANDIBULAR FRACTURE MANAGEMENT. COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT TREATMENT MODALITIESIn each case, MMF was the bridesmaid and never the bride.Moravian Music FoundationThe study finds that the changes within the MMF industry ripple out to the broader economy, at least temporarily.Money market fund reactions to very low interest ratesAll Pakistan Textile Mills Association Chairman Tariq Saud has urged the government to immediately impose a 15% Regulatory Duty on the import of man-made fibre (MMF) yarns, particularly polyester viscose yarn, polyester cotton yarn and pure polyester yarn.News and Views - Textile mills seek 15% duty on MMF importsLAHORE -- All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA) Chairman Tariq Saud on Tuesday demanded imposition of 15 percent Regulatory Duty on import of Man Made Fibers (MMF), particularly the Polyester Viscos Yarn, Polyester Cotton Yarn and Pure Polyester Yarn.APTMA for 15pc RD on import of MMF yarn
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