比特派app官方地址|baikal
作者： 比特派app官方地址
2024-03-07 17:12:30
贝加尔湖（俄罗斯布里亚特共和国伊尔库茨克州境内湖泊）_百度百科
（俄罗斯布里亚特共和国伊尔库茨克州境内湖泊）_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心贝加尔湖是一个多义词，请在下列义项上选择浏览（共3个义项）展开添加义项贝加尔湖播报讨论上传视频俄罗斯布里亚特共和国伊尔库茨克州境内湖泊收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10贝加尔湖（布里亚特语：Байгал нуур，蒙古语：Байгал нуур、俄语：Озеро Байкал、英语：Lake Baikal），位于东西伯利亚南部，在布里亚特共和国和伊尔库茨克州境内，介于北纬51°29′~55°46′，东经103°41′～109°57′之间，湖总容积23.6万亿立方米（2015年），最深处达1637米（2015年），是世界第一深湖、亚欧大陆最大的淡水湖。湖长636千米，平均宽48千米，面积为3.15万平方千米，由地层断裂陷落而成，湖面海拔455米，平均水深730米。贝加尔湖中国古称北海，有“西伯利亚明珠”之称，联合国教育、科学及文化组织于1996年将贝加尔湖登录为世界自然遗产。 [1-2]贝加尔湖有色楞格河等336条大小河川注入，汇水面积为55.7万平方千米。叶尼塞河支流安加拉河由此流出，湖中有27个小岛，因未受第四纪冰川覆盖，湖中仍保留着第三纪的淡水动物，著名的有贝加尔海豹、秋白鲑、奥木尔鱼、鲨鱼等。该湖是西伯利亚的重要渔场，对该地区气候有较大影响。 [3]中文名贝加尔湖外文名布里亚特语：Байгал нуур，蒙古语：Байгал нуур、俄语：Озеро Байкал、英语：Lake Baikal地理位置东西伯利亚南部湖面海拔455米湖泊面积3.15万平方千米蓄水量23.6万亿立方米（2015年）平均水深730米最深处1637米（2015年）湖泊成因地震断层陷落型湖泊长 度636 km湖岸线约2000千米集水面积56万平方公里出水口安加拉河目录1名称▪由来▪寓意▪历史名称及所属2形成演变3地理环境▪位置境域▪地质构造▪地质环境4湖泊水系▪综述▪注入河流▪流出河流5水文特征▪综述▪水分▪水层▪水位6气候特征7自然资源▪生物资源▪淡水资源▪矿产资源8沿岸开发▪综述▪工业开发▪环境保护9环境问题▪过度开发▪物种减少▪环境污染10文化传统▪历史文化▪民族文化▪宗教▪神秘现象11风景名胜▪综述▪主要景点名称播报编辑由来贝加尔湖风光(5张)“贝加尔湖”是英文“baykal”一词的音译，俄语称之为“baukaji”源出蒙古语，是由“saii”（富饶的）加“kyji”（湖泊）转化而来，意为“富饶的湖泊”，因湖中盛产多种鱼类而得名。贝加尔在鄂温克语中称为“la米u”，意思是“海”；蒙古语、布里亚特语称为“baigal dalai”，意为“自然海”；雅库特语称为“baikel”意为“丰富的湖”。人类学家认为现在的“baikal”从布里亚特语而来。 [4]寓意贝加尔湖的寓意，《世界文化与自然遗产情景写真地图版》的解释是“富饶的湖泊”；《彩图版世界文化与自然遗产》则认为：当地的布里亚特人称之为“贝加尔—达拉伊”，意思是“天然之海”；而《世界奇景探胜录》的文字却是：“贝加尔”之名据说是大约1300年前住在这里的库里堪人起的，意思是“大量的水”。 [5]历史名称及所属中国古籍有北海、柏海、小海、菊海、于尼陂、柏海儿湖、白哈尔湖等称。中国古代史书中最早明确记载贝加尔湖地区为《汉书·苏武传》。 [6]历史时期名称控制政权西汉时期北海匈奴东汉、三国和西晋时期北海鲜卑东晋十六国时期于巳尼大水—南北朝时期于巳尼大水先被柔然控制，后又被突厥控制隋时期北海东突厥唐时期小海唐帝国关内道骨利干属唐末小海复归突厥，后又归回鹘所辖宋代小海蒙古八剌（là）忽部控制元时期小海属岭北行省明时期小海瓦剌不里牙惕部控制清前期白哈尔湖、北海中国清朝清中后期柏海儿湖沙俄控制资料来源： [5]形成演变播报编辑贝加尔湖(5张)贝加尔湖形成于约2500万年前印度板块和欧亚板块相互碰撞后的强烈地震，湖盆形成于2000万～2500万年前。前苏联科学家维列夏金根据古生物和地质方面的材料推测，中生代侏罗纪时的贝加尔湖以东地区，曾有过一个浩瀚的外贝加尔海。后来由于地壳变动，留下了内陆湖泊——贝加尔湖。随着雨水、河水的不断加入，咸水变淡。20世纪90年代初期，科学家根据贝加尔湖钻井取出的岩芯样品中未发现任何关于中生代的东西。有一些材料证明，没有中生代的沉积层，只有新生代的沉积岩层，贝加尔湖地区长时间以来一直是陆地，贝加尔湖是在地壳断裂活动中形成的断层湖，从而否定了贝加尔湖的海洋生物是海退遗种的说法。 [7-8]地球膨胀说认为，46亿年前地球形成之后，在39亿年前，空气中的水蒸汽凝结成水珠降回地表形成海洋，这时的海洋覆盖整个地球，深度1.2万米。5.2亿年前，由于地球发生了大的膨胀导致地壳破裂，海水流入地壳的裂缝，海水从大陆上逐步退出，大陆逐渐露出海面，一些海洋生物就留在了大陆上低洼地区的湖泊里。5.2亿年前的海水是咸的，因此贝加尔湖的湖水也是咸的，但由于大量的雨水、河水不断流入贝加尔湖，湖水逐渐变淡。一些在海洋咸水中生存的海洋生物，逐渐适应了贝加尔湖中的淡水环境。 [7]地理环境播报编辑位置境域贝加尔湖位于东西伯利亚南部，是世界上容量最大、最深的淡水湖，位于布里亚特共和国和伊尔库茨克州境内，介于北纬51°29′～55°46′，东经103°41′～109°57′之间，狭长弯曲，呈东北西南走向，距蒙古国边界仅111千米，湖长636千米，平均宽48千米，最宽79.4千米，面积3.15万平方千米，平均深度744米，最深点1637米，湖面海拔456米，形状为新月形，总蓄水量23.6万亿立方米。 [5] [9]贝加尔湖位置（中国国家地理）地质构造贝加尔湖地区的数值地形模型(2张)贝加尔湖裂谷与东非大裂谷一样，在区域地质构造方面是全球著名的张裂区之一，位于中亚大陆内部变形区的北部，是欧亚大陆区内最大的活动性大陆裂谷。沿着S形的古生代缝合带，贝加尔湖裂谷区绵延2000多千米。贝加尔湖地区是欧亚板块和阿穆尔板块 [10-11]之间的裂口地区，由于两个板块不断分开，贝加尔湖也就不断扩展。贝加尔湖地区同时又是地震多发区，平均每年要发生大小地震2000次。 [12]贝加尔湖地区整体上处于近西北向的拉张状态，拉张速度为4.5±1.2毫米/年左右，拉张方向为西北—东北向，东西两端的应变大于中部地区，应变结果表明贝加尔湖东部地壳处于压缩状态，压缩方向为北—西北向和北—北东向。大地转动结果表明，东北部表现为顺时针的旋转，而西部地区和中部显示为逆时针的旋转。 [12-13]地质环境贝加尔湖周边地形图(3张)贝加尔湖两侧有1000～2000米的悬崖峭壁，构造罅隙四周围绕着山脉，周围多变质岩，沉积岩和岩浆岩贝加尔湖的湖岸每年以两厘米的速度向两边拉开。贝加尔湖有作为许多海洋的典型特征——深不可测，巨大的库容、暗流、潮汐、强风暴、大浪、不断变大的裂谷、地磁异常等等。贝加尔洼地是不对称的，西部的坡面比东部更加陡峭。从地质构造上看，贝加尔湖是一个断谷的凹部，一个深入到地下15～20千米深处的大裂口。贝加尔湖和它的汇水区是世界上一个独特的地质体系。贝加尔湖湖底谷地两岸地形不对称，西岸为陡坡，东岸坡势较缓。8%的湖底很浅，只有50米深。曲折的湖岸线总长2080千米，在巴尔古津湾、奇维尔库斯基湾和普罗瓦尔湾，以及阿亚亚小港和弗罗里哈小港等处有很大的凹入处。东岸有一半岛伸入湖中，名圣角半岛。湖中有27个岛屿，最大的岛屿是奥利洪达岛（长71.7千米，最宽15千米，面积约为730平方千米）。大乌什卡尼岛面积8平方千米。 [14]地壳运动尚在继续，偶尔发生强烈地震，岸边有死火山遗址。每年贝加尔湖大约会发生两千次地震，其中大多数地震都比较小，只有通过地震仪才能探测到。每隔10～12年会发生一次五六级的地震，每隔20～30年会发生一次7～9级的灾难性大地震，有时震级可能还会更高。1862年和1959年中部湖盆曾发生过两次大地震。1960年，9.5级的大地震使湖底下降了15～20米。1962年10级的大地震使色楞格北部河口区下沉了面积为200平方千米的面积，又形成了深度为3米的普罗瓦尔湾。地壳断裂处不断有新的热矿泉产生。 [14]湖泊水系播报编辑综述贝加尔湖有336条河流注入湖中，水系流域面积达到56万平方公里，色楞格河补给了湖泊水量的50%以上，在入湖口处形成了面积近700平方千米的世界最大湖泊三角洲。 [15-16]注入河流色楞格河发源于蒙古境内库苏古尔湖以南，中国唐代译名仙娥河、仙萼河，元代译名薛灵哥河，由伊德尔河和木伦河汇合而成，该河流向东北，与鄂尔浑河汇合于苏赫巴托尔；以下才称为色楞格河，继续北流，进入俄国境内转向东，到达布里亚特首府乌兰乌德。河水从此处向北流到塔陶罗沃，再向西弯转，流经一片三角洲，注入贝加尔湖。全长1024千米，流域面积945480平方千米。 [2] [17]色楞格河流出河流湖中流出的则仅有安加拉河，其年均流量仅为1870m³/s，该河先北流，后折向西，流经中西伯利亚高原的南部，在斯特列尔卡村附近注入叶尼塞河。长1779千米。流域面积104万平方千米。主要支流有伊尔库特河、奥卡河、伊利姆河等。安加拉河水文特征播报编辑综述贝加尔湖湖岸线长约2000千米，湖长636千米、宽27～81千米，平均宽48千米，湖泊水面面积31500㎞²、海拔456米，平均水深730米，湖中有大小岛屿30个，最大的岛屿为面积725平方千米的奥尔洪岛，湖水体总容积23.6万亿立方米（2015年），最深处达1637米（2015年），是世界第一深湖、欧亚大陆最大的淡水湖。 [18]水分贝加尔湖(5张)贝加尔湖属于贫营养湖，水中的氮、磷等营养元素含量低，藻类等浮游动植物总量相对较少。 [19]湖随季节交替，湖盆中的水体一年内会发生两次大循环，属双循环湖。在这类湖泊中，湖水含氧量和水质随深度变化不大。 [20]湖底结晶岩体很难溶解，进入水体的化合物主要来自大气降尘和地表径流。每年来自大气降尘的各种化学物质为1200千吨，来自沿岸大小河流的盐分为6013千吨、溶解物为7809千吨。粒子总浓度为120米g/L，其中，碳酸钙占84%、氯化物和硫化物占7%、碱性金属占9%，由于强烈的流水混合作用，化学组成均匀。因此，贝加尔湖湖水透明度深达40.5in，被誉为“西伯利亚的蓝眼睛”。 [18]水层贝加尔湖的水大致分为3层。水下0-50/70米为绿色水，多行光合作用的藻类植物，50/70米以下，水色突然变得灰白，出现大量浮游动物，从150米深开始，水变得清亮，到500米的深水区，常见的生物是各种鱼虾和蠕虫。7～8月，湖面水温约4.2～16℃，湖岸气温18～23℃，有时达28℃。 [18]水位贝加尔湖水位呈现出较为明显的季节性变化，其原因在于受气候的影响，每年的1月起至5月，湖面结冰，水位呈明显下降趋势，且5月为最低水位。自6月开始，气温回暖，降水的增多与色楞格河水量的增加导致贝加尔湖水位增高，且最高水位出现在8月份，其后水位总体呈下降趋势。贝加尔湖水位呈现出显著的周期变化，周期为1年。 [21]2008—2012年湖面高数据统计表最大值/米最小值/米平均值/米421.904409.795418.602资料来源： [21]气候特征播报编辑俄罗斯摄影师Kristina Makeeva拍摄的贝加尔湖(11张)贝加尔湖周边地区属温带大陆性气候，温差大，1月平均气温-26℃~-33℃，7月平均气温17℃～21℃。 [9]在冬季，贝加尔湖周边气温平均为-38℃，每年1月开始结冰，到5月之后才解冻，冰层大致在70～115厘米之间 [22]，贝加尔湖巨大的水体使其湖滨夏季气温比周围地区约低6℃，冬季约高11℃，具有海洋性效应，但位于西伯利亚的贝加尔湖冬季仍然十分寒冷，1月平均低温在-38℃，但是冰层下的水温仍然保持3.5℃～4.5℃之间。19世纪70年代，贝加尔湖融冰的时间开始于每年5月10日左右，瑞士科学家的一项研究表明，在1869年和1999年之间，贝加尔湖开始融冰的时间平均每十年提前半天。在1869年和1920年之间，贝加尔湖开始融冰的时间平均每十年提前3天左右。 [23]自1920年以来，贝加尔湖东南湖区的融冰时间一直相当稳定，冰层的形成时间推迟冰层存留的时间相比过去缩短。数据表明，自1992年以来，贝加尔湖中部和北部冰层的形成时间和融冰开始时间均推迟了，冰层存留时间也更久。温度的变化导致湖水不断压缩与膨胀，便会形成冰面裂缝。 [23]贝加尔湖冰层融化卫星图（美国宇航局地球观测站）自然资源播报编辑生物资源植物资源贝加尔湖风景(20张)贝加尔湖区约有1080种植物。波利阿里洪草原的植物33%是稀有品种。柴桦林和冻土带形成了独特的丛林性质的亚高山气候牧场。 [1]根据2005年出版的《贝加尔地区国家公园维管束植物要览》，系统地记述了出现在该国家公园4173平方千米范围内的维管束植物，共118科、494属、1385种，此外，该地区还有地衣250多种、苔藓物200多种。菊科、禾本科、莎草科等10个科（占总科数的8%），有51%（254属）的属和59%（811种）的种，这些科为该地区的大科。在118个科里，有67个科为单属科，占57%，有38个科为单种科，占32%。 [24]贝加尔湖土壤分类贝加尔湖地区的森林树种以松科植物占优势，落叶松属植物，在贝加尔湖地区为西伯利亚落叶松，松属植物，在贝加尔湖地区的松林以西伯利亚红松和欧洲赤松为优势。贝加尔湖地区的植被为典型的温带森林草原植被，但不同植被类型的分布有着明显的地理差异。该地区的植被以泰加林为主，森林覆盖率达70%，分布海拔在500～1100米之间，优势树种为西伯利亚落叶松、西伯利亚红松和欧洲赤松，在相同的海拔高度上，分布着以针茅、羊茅为优势的羊草草甸，随着海拔升高，出现亚高山草甸和山地苔原，而在贝加尔湖或森林草甸之间大小湖泊的湖滨带，则呈现出以莎草科、毛茛科、蔷薇科植物为主的沼泽草甸，在湖泊水体中为以眼子菜、水毛茛、黑三棱为主的水生植被。 [24]植被的南北差异也很明显。以森林为例，在贝加尔湖地区的南部，为以西伯利亚红松和欧洲赤松为优势的松林，树种较多，除松树外，有桦木、蔷薇等，而在北部地区则为以西伯利亚落叶松为优势的落叶松林，树种较单一，几乎是纯林。 [24]动物资源贝加尔湖水生生物资源丰富，物种多样性高，生物区系独特，其约80%是贝加尔湖的特有种类，已知动物有2565种（包括亚种），其中约1/3种类为大型无脊椎动物。 [25-26]贝加尔湖底栖生物区系独特，特有种丰富。贝加尔湖湖泊形成历史长造就了其独特的生物区系，尤其是深水区特有种丰富 [27]。在寡毛类方面贝加尔湖是区别其他地区的单独的区系，其约80%的种类是特有种 [28-29]，其钩虾类约有260种以及80多亚种，近98%为土著种 [30]，软体动物也有大量的特有种 [31]，有200多种端足动物和80多种扁虫。 [32]总共发现了动物超过1200种，特有的物种达到了2/3，是俄罗斯出产稀有物种最多的地方，稀有物种有秋白鲑、环斑海豹、北欧环斑海豹、髭海豹、贝加尔海豹、凹目白鲑等。 [33-34]贝加尔湖蕴藏着丰富的生物资源，是俄罗斯的主要渔场之一。湖中有2000多种特有的淡水湖动物，尽管湖水不咸，但生活着大量的海豹、鲨鱼、龙虾、海绵、海螺等海洋动物 [7]。湖中有约50种鱼类，分属7科，最多的是杜文鱼科的25种杜文鱼，重要的鱼类有：杜文鱼、大马哈鱼、茴鱼和白鱼 [32]。有贝加尔湖特产湖鱼：胎生贝湖鱼。湖区有320多种鸟。 [14] [35]淡水资源贝加尔湖贝加尔湖的水资源储量和质量是世界上首屈一指的。水体总容积23600km³，相当于北美洲五大湖水量的总和，超过整个波罗的海的水量，其净水绝对储量占全世界淡水储量的20%，储水量占俄罗斯湖水总量的85%。 [1] [36-37]湖岸地区有大量的医用温泉，已发现300余处，一昼夜喷出的温泉矿水水量可达40万立方米。 [1]矿产资源贝加尔湖地区煤炭开采量占全俄的8.1%，发电量占全俄的6.9%，原油产量占全俄的4.0%。贝加尔湖地区拥有独一无二的油气资源储备。在伊尔库茨克州蕴藏着170多亿吨地质资源和100多亿吨可开采的碳氢化合物。在该地区发现并探明了一座东西伯利亚远东地区最大的科维克京天然气田，总计储量为2万亿立方米，该气田具备开采条件。 [38]布里亚特共和国已探明储量的地下矿产资源种类超过700种，其中包括金矿247座（228座沙金矿、16座脉金矿和3座混合矿）、钨矿7座、铀矿13座、共生金属矿4座、钼矿和铍矿各2座，锡矿和铝矿各1座。此外，有8座萤石矿向西伯利亚和远东冶金企业供应生产原料，10座褐煤矿和4座烟煤矿足以满足布里亚特上百年的热能需求，2座石棉矿，许多软玉和建材原料产地，还有磷灰石、磷钙石、石墨和沸石矿。布里亚特共和国的锌矿占全俄资源储备平衡储量的48%，铅为24%，钼为37%，钨为27%，萤石为16%，石棉为15%。 [39]外贝加尔边疆区盛产多种工业矿产原料。铁矿大多集中在涅尔琴斯克铁钛钒合矿、铜铁合矿中以及克鲁琴斯克铁钛磷合矿中，工业用铜、银出产于卡拉尔斯基的铜砂岩中，铅和锌出产于额尔古纳河沿岸。此外，边疆区还有许多钼、钨、金、稀有金属、锡矿产地，铀矿资源储量巨大并以此为基础建有世界上最大的铀矿生产基地；边疆区的萤石储量占独联体各国总探明储量的36%，菱镁矿储量在全俄排名前列，耐火粘土储量占全俄的42%，高岭土储量占全俄的12%。 [39]沿岸开发播报编辑综述贝加尔湖(2张)贝加尔湖地区包括伊尔库茨克州、布里亚特共和国和外贝加尔边疆区。 [38]贝加尔周边有4个俄罗斯的一级城市：安加尔斯克、伊尔库茨克、乌兰乌德、赤塔，其中伊尔库茨克是西伯利亚最大的工业城市、交通和商贸枢纽。 [9]伊尔库茨克建于1651年，原先是哈萨克的驻军站，18世纪后，逐渐成为前往西伯利亚东部探险队的跳板。由于此地盛产皮草和象牙，逐渐成为西伯利亚东部皮货的集散地。 [40]俯瞰贝加尔湖俄罗斯远东与布里亚特共和国、外贝加尔边疆区和伊尔库茨克州（简称远东与贝加尔湖沿岸地区）总面积占世界各国面积总和的5.37%以上，人口占世界人口的0.16%，人口平均密度每平方公里1.4人。该地区人均拥有2.7公顷农业用地、1.3公顷耕地和26400m³淡水。 [41]苏联解体后，俄罗斯的大城市发生逆城市化现象，贝加尔地区在人口锐减的同时经历着城乡聚落的剧烈变迁，主要表现为少数大城市的扩张和许多乡村聚落被废弃 [42]。截至2010年初，俄罗斯联邦外贝加尔地区总人口208万，人口密度2.66人/平方千米，经济总量90.28亿美元，占全俄总量的0.8%，人均月收入423.3美元。该地区城乡聚落主要分布在布里亚特共和国和外贝加尔边疆区南部西伯利亚大铁路及其支线附近。此外，北部贝阿大铁路沿线零散分布着一些小城市和村镇，布里亚特共和国西部巴尔古津河谷地带也有小型城市和1000人以上规模村镇集中分布。 [43]虽然俄罗斯实施“休克疗法”后经济全面衰退，外贝加尔地区1995年来经济总量持续增长。布里亚特共和国地区生产总值增长率始终保持在5%上下，而外贝加尔边疆区则保持在10%左右，其中第三产业（不含交通运输和通讯业）对该地区经济增长的贡献度达40%以上。 [43]贝加尔湖区行政图工业开发贝加尔湖周边城市西伯利亚大铁路、贝阿铁路是外贝加尔地区的主要铁路线。1891年，在东西伯利亚总督的推动下，西伯利亚大铁路从符拉迪沃斯托克和车里雅宾斯克两端点同时开工，至1916年全线开通，经乌兰乌德、赤塔，并贯穿外贝加尔南部地区。 [39]1950年，苏联建设了60万千瓦的伊尔库茨克电力站。1962年，建设了460万千瓦布拉齐克电力站。在色楞格河开始发展乌兰乌德市的工业中心。在贝加尔湖流域大肆采伐木材、开发处女地、扩大渔牧业生产。1954—1956年，决定在贝加尔湖岸上建设化工厂，主要产品用于制造战斗机轮胎。1959年，建成了色楞格纸浆厂，1966年，建成了贝加尔湖纸浆造纸联合企业。 [4]1972年，苏联开始建设贝加尔湖到阿穆尔河的铁道干线 [4]。1984年，苏联建成了从伊尔库茨克州泰舍特经北贝加尔斯克，穿越外贝加尔北部地区至太平洋沿岸苏维埃港的贝阿铁路，至2003年，全线开通。 [39]环境保护湖岸景观(7张)1916年，俄国在贝加尔湖区建立了巴尔古津禁猎区，为全俄之首。1969年1月21日，苏联部长会议通过了第52号《关于贝加尔湖区自然资源综合保护与合理使用》的决议，界定了受保护水域的范围，严格控制自然资源利用，制定了专门的法律，并责成有关部门立即调研，将结论上报。 [4]1971年7月21日，苏共中央与部长会议通过第679号《对贝加尔湖区自然资源合理使用的决定》，其战略目标是到1985年停止向贝加尔湖与流入河中排放污水，控制大气污染。 [4]1992年3月25日，俄罗斯联邦总统第295号命令决定，制定贝加尔湖与自然资源合理使用的综合计划。1994年11月，联邦政府批准了该计划。总统第23号命令确认，把贝加尔湖自然区列为国家环境保护与可持续发展策略优先考虑的项目。1994年11月24日，联邦政府批准第1306号联邦综合规划《保护贝加尔湖与合理使用贝加尔湖域资源》。到2000年，贝加尔湖区废物与污水排放分别减少了16.7%与26.2% [44]。俄罗斯自然资源部在贝加尔湖区设立水资源管理委员会。1999年4月2日，国家杜马通过《关于保护贝加尔湖》的联邦法律。 [4]1996年，世界遗产地委员会批准贝加尔湖加入世界自然遗产地名录。 [18] [45]2011年7月20日，俄罗斯联邦政府通过了《2012—2020年保护贝加尔湖与贝加尔湖区社会和经济发展》的长远规划，将拨出485亿卢布经费。俄罗斯在贝加尔湖沿岸建立了3个自然保护区和2个国家公园，保护总面积达22802平方千米，其中建于1916年Barguzinskiy自然保护区和建于1986年的伊尔库茨克地区国家公园为联合国教科文组织的生物圈保护区网络成员。 [18]环境问题播报编辑过度开发在1945年第二次世界大战以后，当现代采伐技术的发展为大规模经营木材工业提供了可能性之后，浮木的数量才有了大幅度的增加。随着大量木材漂入湖内，树皮在湖水中腐烂。这种腐烂过程中每平方米树皮需消耗100m³湖水中的溶解氧。许多原木沉入水底，覆盖了渔场。据估计，在1958年至1968年间，沉入贝加尔湖及附近河流底部的木材达150万立方米。与此同时，沿贝加尔湖的重要支流—色楞格河兴建了50余家工厂，其中包括肉类加工厂和木材厂。大部分工厂以及工业城市乌兰乌德都将未经处理的废水径直排入河道。 [46]乱砍滥伐的现象甚至蔓延到贝加尔湖周围的陡坡上，其结果导致流水和风的侵蚀，泥砂流入湖中，贝加尔流域的大多数地方失去了调节水量的能力，从而打乱了湖水的化学平衡，水中亚硫酸盐、氢氧化镁和硝酸盐的含量均显示出增长的趋势。 [46]物种减少1957年，贝加尔湖的鲤鱼捕捞量从1万吨下降到5000吨以下。海豹的数量也减少了，截至2005年，贝加尔湖中的海豹数量从1994年的10.4万头锐减到6.7万头。 [46-47]环境污染俄罗斯全国41个污染最严重的城市中，有5个就在贝加尔湖地区的伊尔库茨克州。1992年伊尔库茨克州向大气中排放有害物质117.2万吨。其中，电力企业的排放最多，占40%以上；其次是化学和石油产业，占20%。一项对该州22个城市大气环境的监测结果显示，粉尘、一氧化碳、硫化氢、苯酚、氯、氯化氢、汞、氟化氢、甲醛、甲硫醇、苯比及其他重金属的浓度为最大允许值的2至20倍。 [48]安加拉河是贝加尔湖最大的污染源，河流中重金属、苯酚等污染物质的浓度是最大允许值的10～20倍。1990年的一次调查结果表明，萨彦斯克、基廉斯克、布拉茨克等城市中，成人的发病率极高，而女性的发病率又高于男性。1983年至1990年，上述城市的发病率增长幅度远远高于全国其他城市。在各类疾病中，发病率最高的是呼吸系统疾病，其次是血液循环系统、神经系统、消化系统疾病。肾脏的发病率也高于其他城市。 [48]在冷战时代，苏联开始制造原子弹和氢弹，在贝加尔湖区之北约千公里建立了范围广大的塞米巴拉敦斯克爆炸试验区，共进行了26次核爆炸，造成的危害最大。据已公开的资料，最大当量的爆炸是前两次。以1956年8月24日第二次爆炸为例，5天之内，贝加尔湖区和乌兰乌德市放射性强度极大提高，一年之内平均每天的放射量高出标准100倍。1988—1991年苏美考察团在贝加尔湖做调研，发现南岸的铯137多次测量都超过标准。 [4]文化传统播报编辑历史文化贝加尔湖以东的滨海地区，古代最早的居民称“肃慎”。肃慎在公元前11世纪表示向周臣服 [49]。史书记载，公元前3世纪左右，中国历史上的丁令族已散居在贝加尔湖一带 [50]。公元前3世纪末，丁令被匈奴征服，成为匈奴奴隶制国家的被统治部族 [51-52]。阿巴干城和乌兰乌德城附近发现过中国汉代的宫殿建筑和城市遗址，出土的瓦当即有“天子千秋、常乐未央”，中国黄河流域产生和发展的商文化扩展到外贝加尔湖地区、叶尼塞河流域 [53]。1世纪，汉朝诛灭北匈奴，在汉朝帮助下南匈奴呼韩邪单于复立庭于今鄂尔浑河西岸喀喇巴尔嘎逊地方，统治匈奴及其所属各部，并上书朝廷自请“世世保塞”茹为汉守卫北方领土，匈奴成为汉王朝的属部，其统治下的包括贝加尔湖地区在内的北方领土是汉王朝的属地。4世纪中，拓跋鲜卑部进入黄河流域建立北魏政权，蒙古高原遂由柔然（即蠕蠕、茹茹）“转徙其地”。柔然的北面有高车（丁令），游牧在贝加尔湖周围的被称为东部高车。 [54-55]6世纪中叶，突厥在蒙古高原崛起，突厥部落和通古斯人是环贝加尔地区的主人。安卡拉河流域是统称为乌齐骨利于的三个突厥部落的混居地，在其北部勒拿河上游是通古斯人的故乡。 [56]7世纪中叶（646年），唐朝击灭薛延陀汗国。唐太宗于回纥地设六府七州：瀚海都督府。这是中国政府正式在贝加尔湖以东地区设置了行政机构，骨利干部的玄阀州（余吾州）傍贝加尔湖，奚结部的鸡鹿州、俱罗勃部的烛龙州和解薛部的高网州在贝加尔湖东。这是中国政府正式在贝加尔湖地区设置行政机构。 [57]公元10世纪至12世纪前期，外贝加尔大部生活着名为“嗢娘（斡朗）改”的部族。10世纪初，中国契丹族兴起，建立辽朝，一统治中国北部。贝加尔湖以东直到滨海地区，也在辽政权的管辖范围内。 [39] [58]12世纪初，辽朝统治下的女真族完颇部兴起灭辽，建立金朝，继辽统治中国北部。贝加尔湖以东直抵滨海地区，都在金朝的管辖范围内。 [59]中世纪蒙古史料证实，首批到达贝加尔湖两岸的蒙古部落有：伊希列斯人（埃希里戈人）、布戈加钦人（布拉加特人）和克罗人（霍林人） [60]，以后又有一些蒙古人融合到他们之中，例如，洪戈托尔人，他们最后定居在今伊尔库茨克州阿拉尔边疆区布里亚特共和国境内的扎卡姆、通金和奥金布里亚特地区。18世纪初，这里又融进了丛郭尔和萨尔杜勒人。 [56]1206年（泰和六年），铁木真称“成吉思汗”，建立政权，不久统一了贝加尔湖地区及石勒喀河流域，至此那里成了金朝属部的领地，在贝加尔湖东石勒喀河、鄂嫩河地区游牧的咀娘改（兀良哈）部也成了金朝的属部。 [61]元世祖忽必烈定都大都后，在大漠以北的蒙古高原和贝加尔湖地区设立“岭北等处行中书省”，省治在和林，岭北等处行中书省的辖地包括贝加尔湖以东地区，达黑龙江上游、大兴安岭市北的黑龙江巡北地区，东与辽阳等处行中书省的省界邻接。元朝政府在贝加尔湖东地区还有官牧场的设置，属中央政府的太仆寺领导。 [62-63]元朝时候贝加尔湖地区、石勒喀河一带土地的主人，除兀良哈（咀娘改）火里、秃靡外，还有不里牙惕部、茂明安（毛明暗）、部。 [6] [62] [64]第一幅贝加尔湖地图14世纪元亡明兴后，元顺帝妥灌帖睦尔北逃，继续称元，仍然管辖着贝加尔湖以东直抵滨海地区。明朝末年，中国东北地区的少数民族满族崛起，他们的部族首领在没有入关统一全国之前即已统一了西至贝加尔湖、东至海的广大地区 [65]。 [6] [66-67]15世纪，莫斯科公国“募万民合力以驱蒙古”，匡复故地，进而向西伯利亚扩张。其间，长期活动在贝加尔湖西的不里牙剔蒙古部逐渐向湖东地区迁徙。 [39]1643年，叶尼塞河区的哥萨克库尔巴特伊万诺夫来到贝加尔湖地区，1653年，由彼得·别克托夫领导的哥萨克分队在印戈达和赤塔河交汇处附近建立了贝加尔地区的第一座军事堡垒，1666年，在乌达河岸边建立木结构军事堡垒上乌丁斯克。 [39]1689年（康熙二十八年），中俄双方在涅尔琴斯克签署《尼布楚条约》，规定中俄在自额尔古纳河一线向东沿外兴安岭直至大海为中俄边界，黑龙江流域尽属中国。 [37]《布连斯奇条约》是中国和俄国于1727年（清朝雍正五年）订立的划分中俄中段边界的条约，条约规定中俄中段边界，从额尔古纳河开始，向西至沙毕纳依岭（即沙宾达巴哈）为界，以北归俄国，以南归中国。1727年（雍正五年），中俄在恰克图签订《恰克图条约》，规定自楚库河（俄称“Чикой”）以西，沿布尔固特山至博移沙岭为两国边境。沿安加拉河地区和勒拿河上游地区出现了大片俄罗斯人的土地，导致了布里亚特人丧失了原来的土地范围，改变了土著居民的经济基础。比如，在18世纪布里亚特人改变了经济方式，西布里亚特人形成了农业一畜牧业经济方式，布里亚特人开始使用和俄罗斯人一样的农耕工具，学会了俄罗斯人的耕耘方式。 [68]1701年，哥萨克人列米索夫绘出了大体正确的贝加尔湖地图，这是历史上的第一幅。1729年，彼得大帝派德国人达·梅塞施米特考察西伯利亚，他对贝加尔湖进行了第一次科学考察。20世纪初，学者们绘制出贝加尔湖的第一张现代全图，并测量了湖深。17世纪初之前，前贝加尔湖地区的部落处于部落氏族体系解体的阶段。 [4]1740年，俄国开始为了控制布里亚特人建立“草原公局”，布里亚特人成为了一个信仰多种宗教的民族，佛教、东正教和萨满教。与俄罗斯农民毗邻而居的西布里亚特人被基督教化了。19世纪末伊尔库茨克省总督伊格纳基耶夫决定在西布里亚特人中撤销草原杜马，取而代之的是“异族管理处”。 [68-69]1782—1783年，叶卡捷琳娜二世对俄国行政区划进行改革，在西伯利亚地区设置两个总督管辖区。外贝加尔大部都被划入伊尔库茨克总督辖域的涅尔琴斯克州内，并划分出若干县级行政区。这一建制体系一直持续到19世纪前期。 [39]1851年，沙俄在贝加尔湖以南、以东赤塔地区分别设省 [69]，在伊尔库茨克省设立外贝加尔州，并以赤塔为州首府，其州域范围涵盖了今后外加尔的大部分地区。最终确定了中俄两国在外贝加尔地区的边界。 [39]20世纪初，俄国进行土地改革，新的土地划分政策导致了布里亚特人的耕地，割草用地与放牧地的减少。由于俄罗斯殖民化与喀尔喀地区内战引起了布里亚特居民的迁移，使得布里亚特人移居到了前贝加尔湖和后贝加尔湖地区，并在内部形成了新的民族地区集团，巴拉甘斯克、伊达、基托伊、卡秋格、巴彦代、埃赫利特、巴尔古津、库达拉和其他的布里亚特民族地区集团。 [68]1918年2月16日，苏维埃政权在外贝加尔州成立。1921年，在远东共和国境内成立布里亚特—蒙古自治州，1922年在俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国设立蒙古—布里亚特自治州，1923年5月30日，二者合并为布里亚特蒙古苏维埃社会主义自治共和国，隶属于俄罗斯苏维埃联邦。 [39] [68]1922年，外贝加尔州更名为“省”。1926年4月，外贝加尔省被分割为赤塔区和斯列腾斯克区（Сретенский округ），隶属于远东边疆区。1934年5月，设立赤塔州，辖属于东西伯利亚边疆区。 [39]1937年，在赤塔州建立阿加—布里亚特自治区，乌斯季奥尔登斯基布里亚特民族区和奥利洪地区被划归伊尔库茨克州。 [39]1958年，布里亚特蒙古苏维埃社会主义自治共和国改称“布里亚特苏维埃社会主义自治共和国”，隶属于苏联的俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国。苏联解体后，1992年，改国名为俄罗斯布里亚特共和国。 [68]2008年，经过赤塔州和阿加布里亚特自治区全民公决，最终通过了两区合并的提案，外贝加尔边疆区正式设立。 [39]民族文化贝加尔湖地区是伊尔库次克少数民族聚居地，其中以蒙古族的支系“布力亚特”族人口居多。 [1]布里亚特人为蒙古之一部。属蒙古人种西伯利亚类型，又称“布里亚特蒙古人”，也叫“布拉特人”。布里亚特人总人口约43.6万，主要分布在俄罗斯、蒙古国和中国的一些地方。俄罗斯境内的布里亚特人主要分布在俄罗斯联邦的布里亚特共和国，部分分布在外贝加尔边疆区、伊尔库茨克州等地，是西伯利亚地区较大的少数民族之一。 [68]布里亚特人使用布里亚特语，其内部可分东西两大方言，属阿尔泰语系蒙古语族。18世纪起使用回鹘蒙文，于1931年创造以拉丁字母为基础的新拼音文字，1938年改用斯拉夫字母。布里亚特人原信萨满教，后贝加尔湖地区的居民则多信喇嘛教，名义上信仰东正教，实际上仍保留萨满教残余。 [68]布里亚特地区被俄罗斯兼并后，居住在前安加拉河与勒拿河上游地区的布里亚特人，由于受到前来这些地区的大量俄罗斯居民的影响，形成了很大程度的俄罗斯化。前贝加尔湖布里亚特人由几个分支组成：布拉嘎特、埃赫利特、洪郭多尔和其他的小氏族和部落。布拉嘎特人和埃赫利特人是前贝加尔湖地区两个最大的部落，他们与洪郭多尔人及居住在后贝加尔湖地区的豁利人组成布里亚特民族的最主要的分支。 [68]宗教17世纪前后，藏传佛教在东西伯利亚的布里亚特蒙古和哈莫尼干（外贝加尔南部）地区得到广泛传播。1818年，沙皇征召布里亚特人翻译蒙文版《圣经》，1819年，开始有传教士到贝加尔湖东岸传教。佛教和东正教成为外贝加尔地区传播范围最广、历史最悠久的宗教。此外，原著民以自然崇拜为核心的萨满教仍在一定范围内以特定形式存在着。 [39]神秘现象黑色圆圈空间站拍摄贝加尔湖冰面巨大的神秘黑色圆圈2009年6月2日美国《生活科学》网站报道，4月国际空间站宇航员首次发现拍摄到贝加尔湖冰面巨大的神秘黑色圆圈，黑色圆圈位于贝加尔湖的南端，专家们认为从湖底升腾而起的沼气是导致出现黑圈的主要原因，由此产生自然界争论的“贝加尔湖神秘圆圈”之谜。 [70]事故频发1702年9月14日，风暴掀翻了往乌索利耶送钱款的大舢板。1890年，“沙皇皇储”号汽船在暴风雨中沉入湖底。1900年10月4日，商人济良诺夫的露舱平底货船连船带货在风暴中沉没。1903年8月9日，龙卷风一天之内向湖神“进献”了40艘驳船。在奥利洪湾一个湖段，仅2003年俄紧急情况部的巡逻队就发现了100艘（辆）沉没的快艇和汽车。在1908年6月30日，在湖西北方800千米处发生了通古斯大爆炸，影响了湖附近的森林。 [71]风景名胜播报编辑综述伊尔库次克贝加尔湖地区其中2/3以上的名胜古迹位于伊尔库次克地区。这些名胜古迹中99%属于文化历史范畴，只有1%属于自然界天然遗产。考古学遗迹大部分集中在阿里霍恩斯克地区，另外还有一些文化古迹分散在南贝加尔湖沿岸的一些村庄里，大部分建筑学古迹也集中在伊尔库次克地区。 [1]主要景点奥利洪岛贝加尔湖有22个岛，其中奥利洪岛最大。岛上大部为花岗岩和片麻，是贝加尔湖边唯一有人居住的岛，岩岛上一半是原始森林，一半是草原，还有一小部分是沙漠。 [72]奥尔洪岛塔利茨博物馆塔利茨博物馆位于贝加尔湖的东岸，展现出的是居民木屋发展得演化过程。馆内有许多东方游牧民族的生活设施：埃文基人的兽皮、桦皮帐篷，布里亚特贫民的蒙古包，俄罗斯古布里亚特民族的木制小屋，以及草棚、粮仓、澡堂、鸡舍等。 [72]塔利茨博物馆哈伯伊角哈伯伊角（Cape Khoboy）是位于奥尔洪岛的最北面的一座壮观的岩石，哈伯伊角（“哈伯伊”在布里亚特语中意为：犬齿、磨齿）。这块岩石像利齿一样插入湖中，而从海上望去，它的轮廓又像一张女人的脸，就像是固定在古希腊战船船头上的女性雕塑。当地人称它为处女石。 [72]哈伯伊角喀山圣母大教堂伊尔库茨克喀山大教堂是伊尔库茨克最精美的教堂。喀山大教堂呈红色，色彩鲜艳而华丽，圆顶和窗框都用蓝色做点缀。 [72]喀山圣母大教堂新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000Lake Baikal | Location, Depth, Map, & Facts | Britannica
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Lake Baikal
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World Heritage Datasheet - Lake Baikal
Geology.com - Deepest Lake in the World
LiveScience - Lake Baikal: World's Largest, Deepest Lake
UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Lake Baikal, Siberia
Official Site of Lake Baikal
University of Minnesota Duluth - Swenson College of Science and Engineering - Climate Change and the World’s “Sacred Sea”—Lake Baikal, Siberia
Geohistory Today - Environmental Policy and Politics of Lake Baikal: A review of physical, psychological, and political contexts
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External Websites
World Heritage Datasheet - Lake Baikal
Geology.com - Deepest Lake in the World
LiveScience - Lake Baikal: World's Largest, Deepest Lake
UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Lake Baikal, Siberia
Official Site of Lake Baikal
University of Minnesota Duluth - Swenson College of Science and Engineering - Climate Change and the World’s “Sacred Sea”—Lake Baikal, Siberia
Geohistory Today - Environmental Policy and Politics of Lake Baikal: A review of physical, psychological, and political contexts
Britannica Websites
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Lake Baikal - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
Lake Baikal - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
Also known as: Baykalskoye Ozero, Ozero Bajkal, Ozero Baykal
Written by
Grigory Ivanovich Galazy
Former Director, Institute of Limnology, Siberian Department, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Irkutsk. Author of The Problem of Limnological and Geobotanical Remains at Baikal.
Grigory Ivanovich Galazy
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Last Updated:
Feb 14, 2024
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Russian:
Ozero Baykal
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Also spelled:
Ozero Bajkal
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Lake Baikal.Lake Baikal, lake located in the southern part of eastern Siberia within the republic of Buryatia and Irkutsk oblast (province) of Russia. It is the oldest existing freshwater lake on Earth (20 million–25 million years old), as well as the deepest continental body of water, having a maximum depth of 5,315 feet (1,620 metres). Its area is some 12,200 square miles (31,500 square km), with a length of 395 miles (636 km) and an average width of 30 miles (48 km). It is also the world’s largest freshwater lake by volume, containing about one-fifth of the fresh water on Earth’s surface, some 5,500 cubic miles (23,000 cubic km). Into Lake Baikal flow more than 330 rivers and streams, the largest of which include the Selenga, Barguzin, Upper (Verkhnyaya) Angara, Chikoy, and Uda.Lake BaikalIce-clad Lake Baikal and its only outlet, the Angara River, at Irkutsk, Russia.(more)Baikal lies in a deep structural hollow surrounded by mountains, some of which rise more than 6,600 feet (2,000 metres) above the lake’s surface. The sedimentary strata on the floor of the lake may be as much as 20,000 feet (6,100 metres) thick. Breaks in Earth’s crust produce hot mineral springs in the area. There are occasional severe earthquakes; in 1862 a quake inundated about 77 square miles (200 square km) in the northern Selenga delta, creating a new bay in Baikal known as Proval Bay.
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Water and its Varying Forms
Bolshiye Koty on Lake BaikalHarbour of Bolshiye Koty on Lake Baikal, southeastern Siberia.(more)The lake hollow is not symmetrical, having steep slopes on the western shores and gentler slopes on the eastern. The meandering shoreline runs for some 1,300 miles (2,100 km), with large indentations at the bays of Barguzin, Chivyrkuysky, and Proval and at Ayaya and Frolikha inlets; the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula juts out into the lake from the eastern shore. Baikal contains some 45 islets and islands, the largest of which are Olkhon (about 270 square miles [700 square km]) and Bolshoy (Great) Ushkany (3.6 square miles [9.4 square km]). The influx of water into the lake is primarily from rivers, chiefly the Selenga. The only outflow is through the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisey.Baikal’s climate is much milder than that of the surrounding territory. Winter air temperatures average −6 °F (−21 °C), and August temperatures average 52 °F (11 °C). The lake surface freezes in January and thaws in May or June. The water temperature at the surface in August is between 50 and 54 °F (10 and 12 °C) and reaches 68 °F (20 °C) in the offshore shallows. Waves can be as high as 15 feet (4.6 metres). The water is very clear; from the surface one can see to 130 feet (40 metres). Its salinity is low, and it contains few minerals.Baikal sealsBaikal seals (Phoca sibirica), endemic to Lake Baikal, southeastern Siberia, Russia.(more)Discovering Lake Baikal's unique freshwater sealsLearn about the Baikal seal, the only true freshwater seal in the world, in this video.(more)See all videos for this articleUnique life of Baikal seals in southern SiberiaA Baikal seal pup waiting for its mother to return.(more)See all videos for this articleVisit Lake Baikal, a diverse and fecund freshwater ecosystem, home of the Baikal sealOverview of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, the deepest and oldest lake in the world.(more)See all videos for this articlePlant and animal life in the lake is rich and various. There are between 1,500 and 1,800 animal species at different depths, and hundreds of plant species live on or near the surface. The majority of the species are endemic to Baikal. There are some 50 species of fish, belonging to seven families; the most numerous of these are the 25 species of gobies. The omul salmon is heavily fished; also important are the grayling, lake whitefish, and sturgeon. Unique to the lake is a fish called the golomyanka, of the family Comephoridae, which gives birth to live young. The one mammal species is the Baikal seal, or nerpa (Phoca sibirica). There are more than 320 bird species in the Baikal area.Industries along the shores of Baikal include mining (mica and marble), the manufacture of cellulose and paper, shipbuilding, fisheries, and timber. There are many mineral springs, and visitors come to Goryachinsk for the curative properties of the waters. A pulp and paper mill built on Lake Baikal’s southern shore in 1966 drew strong environmental protests from Soviet scientists and writers because its wastes were polluting the water, and in 1971 the Soviet government adopted a decree to protect the lake from polluting emissions. Further pollution controls were resisted, however, and industrial waste at the site remained a concern in the late 1990s.
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Lake Baikal, southeastern Siberia, Russia.The Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the town of Listvyanka, as is the Baikal Sanatorium, and the hydrobiological station of Irkutsk State University is in Bolshiye Koty (Bolshoy Koti). The protection of natural resources in the area began with the establishment of the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve in 1916; subsequently there were added the Baikalsky (1969) and Baikalo-Lenskiy (1986) nature reserves, the Frolikhinskiy (1976) and Kabansky (1974) wildlife reserves, and the Zabaikalsky and Pribaikalsky national parks (both 1986). The Lake Baikal Coastal Protection Zone, covering the lake and its environs (a total of 34,000 square miles [88,000 square km]), was created in 1987, and the same area was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996.
Grigory Ivanovich Galazy
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
俄罗斯 CPU 制造商 Baikal 母公司濒临破产：将拍卖专利，有望转型 AI 领域 - IT之家
俄罗斯 CPU 制造商 Baikal 母公司濒临破产：将拍卖专利，有望转型 AI 领域 - IT之家
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俄罗斯 CPU 制造商 Baikal 母公司濒临破产：将拍卖专利，有望转型 AI 领域
2023/8/30 9:24:18
来源：IT之家
作者：汪淼
责编：汪淼
评论：
IT之家 8 月 30 日消息，据外媒 CNews 报道，俄罗斯 CPU 制造商 Baikal 的母公司濒临破产，目前正在准备拍卖其资产。Baikal 是 T-Platforms 的一部分，T-Platforms 是一家专门从事百亿亿次计算的俄罗斯企业。报道称，T-Platforms 正准备拍卖知识产权，其中包括与国产 CPU 相关的专利和信息。据报道，预计拍卖的金额为 4.84 亿卢布（IT之家备注：当前约 3688.1 万元人民币），虽然数额不大，但对于 Baikal 这样的公司来说仍然相当可观，拍卖定于 2023 年 9 月 26 日举行。Baikal 首席执行官 Andrey Evdokimov 对此表示，Baikal Electronics 不仅没有申请这些专利，甚至不会参加拍卖，该公司也不打算赎回其股份。Evdokimov 还表示，知识产权的转让不会阻碍公司的发展，并认为这个阶段是“令人鼓舞的”，并将推动“Baikal 的产品和生态系统”的发展。Baikal Electronics 可以说是俄罗斯国产 CPU 的“潮流引领者”，该公司在 Baikal-M 系列上进行了深入研究，甚至尝试将 Baikal CPU 集成到笔记本电脑中，采用 ARM 架构，不过整体架构技术性能表现一直都没有赶上主流发展，自然也很难获得市场认可。Baikal Electronics 已经好几年没有发布新的处理器了。其最新的产品之一是 Baikal-S 服务器芯片，该芯片于 2021 年 10 月开始生产。同样在 2021 年夏季，Baikal 针对各种电子产品类别发布了 Baikal-M2、Baikal-L 和 Baikal-S2 处理器，但因此到目前为止，它们只存在于纸面上。所有 Baikal 处理器的生产已于 2022 年 2 月 27 日停止。外媒此前还报道称，Baikal Electronics 计划将其策略转向人工智能行业的 ASIC（专用集成电路），这可能就是其首席执行官将拍卖视为机会的原因之一，该公司将重点完全转向人工智能也是一个积极的信号。广告声明：文内含有的对外跳转链接（包括不限于超链接、二维码、口令等形式），用于传递更多信息，节省甄选时间，结果仅供参考，IT之家所有文章均包含本声明。
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相关文章关键词：Baikal，俄罗斯 CPU俄罗斯自研 8 核 CPU 性能实测：能玩几十年前老游戏，下一代「高性能」芯片无人代工俄罗斯自研 Elbrus 8SV 八核 CPU 实测，勉强能玩老游戏俄罗斯自研 16nm 48 核处理器 Baikal-S 成功装机，总共支持 768GB 内存俄罗斯 Bitblaze Titan BM15 笔记本电脑已预生产，搭载其国产 Baikal-M1 处理器俄罗斯国产笔记本电脑将投入生产：“Baikal-M”处理器 + Astra Linux 或 Alt Linux 系统俄罗斯厂商推出其“国产笔记本电脑”，搭载 BAIKAL-M 处理器
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Baïkal - baikal
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Baïkal is a lightweight CalDAV+CardDAV server. It offers an extensive web
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Lake Baikal - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
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Lake Baikal
Situated in south-east Siberia, the 3.15-million-ha Lake Baikal is the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (1,700 m) lake in the world. It contains 20% of the world's total unfrozen freshwater reserve. Known as the 'Galapagos of Russia', its age and isolation have produced one of the world's richest and most unusual freshwater faunas, which is of exceptional value to evolutionary science.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Lac Baïkal
Situé au sud-est de la Sibérie, le lac Baïkal, d'une superficie de 3,15 millions d'hectares, est le plus ancien (25 millions d'années) et le plus profond (1 700 m) lac du monde. Il contient 20 % des eaux douces non gelées de la planète. Son ancienneté et son isolement ont produit une des faunes d'eau douce les plus riches et originales de la planète, qui présente une valeur exceptionnelle pour la science de l'évolution, ce qui lui vaut le surnom de « Galápagos de la Russie ».
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
بحيرة بايكل
تقع بحيرة بايكل جنوب شرق سيبيريا وتمتد على مساحة3.15 مليون هكتار وهي أقدم بحيرات العالم (25 مليون سنة) وأعمقها (1700 متر). وهي تضمّ 20% من مياه الأرض العذبة غير المثلجة. وفي قدمها وعزلتها ما أفضى إلى تكوّن مجموعات حيوانيّة هي الأغنى والأكثر ابتكاراً على وجه الأرض وهي تتمتع بقيمة استثنائيّة لعلم التطوّر فكسبت اسم "غالاباغوس روسيا".
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
贝加尔湖
坐落在俄罗斯联邦境内西伯利亚东南部的贝加尔湖，占地315万公顷，是世界历史最悠久（2500万年）且最深的（1700米）湖泊。它拥有地表不冻淡水资源的20%。以“俄国的加拉帕戈斯”而闻名于世的贝加尔湖，因其悠久的年代和人迹罕见，使它成为拥有世界上种类最多和最稀有的淡水动物群的地区之一，而这一动物群对于进化科学具有不可估量的价值。
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Озеро Байкал
Расположенный на юго-востоке Сибири и занимающий площадь 3,15 млн. га, Байкал признан самым древним (25 млн. лет) и самым глубоким (около 1700 м) озером планеты. Водоем хранит примерно 20% всех мировых запасов пресной воды. В озере, которое известно как «Галапагосы России», благодаря древнему возрасту и изоляции сформировалась уникальная даже по мировым меркам пресноводная экосистема, изучение которой имеет непреходящее значение для понимания эволюции жизни на Земле.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Lago Baikal
Situado al sudeste de Siberia, este lago tiene una superficie de 3.150.000 hectáreas y es el más antiguo (25 millones de años) y profundo del mundo (1.700 metros). Contiene el 20% del agua dulce no helada de la Tierra. Debido a su antigüedad y aislamiento posee una de las faunas de agua dulce más ricas y singulares del planeta. El excepcional interés que ésta ofrece para el estudio de la evolución de las especies le ha valido al lago Baikal el sobrenombre de “las Galápagos de Rusia”.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
バイカル湖
バイカル湖は、世界で最も古く（2500万年前）最も深い（1700m）湖であり、世界の陸水の20%を保有している。約1000種の水棲生物や、海洋から離れているにもかかわらずバイカルアザラシなど隔離された種がみられ、ロシアのガラパゴスとも呼ばれる。（湖岸一帯は見事なタイガに覆われ、クロテン、シベリア赤シカなど貴重な動物の生息地になっている。）
source: NFUAJ
Baikal meer
Het 3,15 miljoen hectare grote Baikal meer is het oudste (25 miljoen jaar oud) en diepste (1.700 meter) meer ter wereld. Het bevat 20% van 's werelds (niet bevroren) zoetwaterreserve. Het meer in zuidoost Siberië – de ‘Galapagos van Rusland’ – heeft een van de rijkste en meest ongewone zoetwaterfauna's ter wereld. Een van de meest opvallende soorten is de Baikal zeehond. Het gebied kent verder een grote verscheidenheid aan planten, waarvan een aantal inheems. Ten westen van het meer zijn er lichte naaldbossen en bergsteppen. In het gebied ten oosten domineren dennen- en loofbossen.
Source: unesco.nl
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Lake Baikal (Russian Federation)
© Evergreen
Justification for Inscription
The Committee inscribed Lake Baikal as the most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem on the basis of natural criteria (vii), (viii), (ix) and (x). It is the oldest and deepest of the world´s lakes containing nearly 20% of the world´s unfrozen freshwater reserve. The lake contains an outstanding variety of endemic flora and fauna, which is of exceptional value to evolutionary science. It is also surrounded by a system of protected areas that have high scenic and other natural values. The Committee took note of the confirmation of the revised boundaries of the site, which correspond to the core areas defined in the Baikal Law (excluding the five urban developed areas). It also noted that the special Lake Baikal Law is now in its second reading in the Duma. Finally, it noted concern over a number of integrity issues including pollution, which should be brought to the attention of the Russian authorities.
Links
Natural Heritage Protection Fund
Lake Baikal (Friends & Partners)
Protectedplanet.net
News 5
State of Conservation of Lake Baikal
3 August 2018
Greenpeace and WWF present 125,000 signatures to UNESCO to save world’s oldest, deepest and largest lake
30 June 2010
Message from Francesco Bandarin, Director of the World Heritage Centre, on current conservation issues at Lake Baikal
18 June 2010
Director-General and World Heritage Committee Chair welcome decision to alter course of pipeline near Lake Baikal
28 April 2006
More add
World Heritage Committee Chairperson Sends Letter to President of Russian Federation concerning Lake Baikal
24 March 2006
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play_arrow Lake Baikal (UNESCO/NHK)
Russian Federation
Date of Inscription: 1996
Criteria: (vii)(viii)(ix)(x)
Property :
8,800,000 ha
Dossier: 754
Irkutsk and Chita regions, Republic of Buryatia
N53 10 25 E107 39 45
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<Lake Baikal: World's Largest, Deepest Lake | Live Science
Lake Baikal: World's Largest, Deepest Lake | Live Science
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Lake Baikal: World's Largest, Deepest Lake
References
By Jessie Szalay published 27 January 2017
During the summer, when Lake Baikal is full of melted ice from the Siberian mountains, it is sometimes possible to see more than 130 feet (39 m) down.
(Image credit: AnSTop | Shutterstock)
Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in the world (by volume) and the world's deepest lake. Somewhat crescent shaped, it is in the southern Siberia area of Russia. In 1996 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site."Lake Baikal is the oldest lake in the world. It is home to approximately 1,700 to 1,800 endemic plant and animal species," said Jennifer Castner of Pacific Environment's Russia program. Additionally, it holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, due to the lake's depth. By the numbersVolume: 5,521 cubic miles of water (23,013 cubic kilometers). This volume is approximately equivalent to all five of the North American Great Lakes combined, according to Geology.com.Maximum depth: 5,354 feet (1,632 meters). Its lowest point lies more than 4,000 feet (1,219 m) below sea level, according to Smithsonian magazine.Average depth: 2,442 feet (744 m), according to Smithsonian magazine.Surface area: 12,248 square miles (31,722 square km), according to Smithsonian magazine. This area puts it in seventh place worldwide in terms of surface area, according to Geology.com.Length: 397 miles (640 km), according to Lake Baikal.org.Maximum width: 49 miles (79.5 km), according to Baikal World Web.Average width: 29 miles (47 km), according to Baikal World Web. Minimum width: 16 miles (25 km), according to Baikal World Web. Coastline area: 1,300 miles (2,100 km), according to Lake Baikal.org. Lake Baikal locationLake Baikal is located in south-central Russia near the Mongolian border. The largest nearby city is Irkutsk. Lake Baikal has historically played a large role in the Russian imagination. It represents the unspoiled beauty of Russia and is sometimes referred to as the Sacred Sea. Lake Baikal plays a central part in many local creation myths and appears throughout Russian folklore, according to Baikal Nature. Lake Baikal attracts more than 500,000 tourists a year, according to the Siberian Times.Though it is in southern Siberia, the lands around Lake Baikal are generally warmer than the rest of the area because large bodies of water have a moderating force, according to LakeBaikal.org. Olkhon Island is the largest island on Lake Baikal. About 1,500 people live there. (Image credit: marinya Shutterstock) Lake Baikal featuresThere are 27 mostly uninhabited islands in Lake Baikal, according to Lake Baikal.org. The largest is 45-mile-long (72 km) Olkhon, on which there are villages. About 1,500 people live there.More than 300 streams and rivers feed into Lake Baikal, but the Angara River is the only outlet. It carries out about 60 cubic km (15.8 trillion gallons) of water per year into the Yenisei River. Eventually the water makes its way to the Arctic Ocean. The Selenga River is the largest source of water coming into Lake Baikal. Flowing north from Mongolia, it contributes nearly 50 percent of the lake's water. Like Lake Baikal, the Selenga Delta is internationally recognized for its biodiversity and importance, according to the Ramsar Convention.Lake Baikal is the only very deep lake to have oxygenated water at its lowest depths, like the ocean, according to a 2009 article in BioScience. Additionally, the earth under Lake Baikal is heated. The cause of the heat is unknown. Lake Baikal is considered one of the clearest lakes in the world, according to CNN Traveler. During the summer, when the lake is full of melted ice from the Siberian mountains, it is sometimes possible to see more than 130 feet (39 m) down. The stunning clarity is the result of the melted ice's purity, plankton that eat floating debris and a lack of mineral salts in the lake. Lake Baikal may be warmer than other parts of Siberia, but in the winter it still gets very cold. The average air temperature in winter is minus 6 F (minus 21 C). Despite its size, Lake Baikal freezes over in the winter and usually melts in May or June, according to LakeBaikal.org. The ice can be up to 6 feet (2 m) thick. In the summer, the average air temperature is 52 F (11 C). The water temperature in August is around 50 F (10 C). The nerpa is the world's only exclusively freshwater seal. It is only found in Lake Baikal. (Image credit: Andrei Gilbert Shutterstock) Lake Baikal historyAt least 25 million years old, Lake Baikal is the oldest lake in the world. It and the surrounding mountains were formed by the Earth's crust fracturing and moving. According to Baikal World Web, it was probably originally a riverbed, but tremors and fractures in the Earth's crust increased the size and widened the space between the shores. Parts of the Baikal basin developed at different times throughout the Tertiary Period (66 million to 2.6 million years ago). Melting glaciers also increased the water levels. It is likely that a series of lakes, similar to the Great Lakes, developed first and then united in the Pliocene Epoch (5.3 to 2.58 million years ago), according to Baikal World Web. There are several theories about what could have caused the unification, including sinking earth, falling rocks, erosion and earthquakes. Likely, it was a combination of all factors. Lake Baikal is in a rift valley and up to 2,000 earthquake tremors are detected each year. The earthquakes deepen the lake and increase its size. For example, an 1862 earthquake resulted in the creation of Proval Bay, according to Irkutsk.org.According to the Baikal Center, some geophysicists think that Lake Baikal is an ocean being born. The shores drift farther apart by 2 cm (0.78 inches) a year, the same rate at which Africa and South America drift apart. Indigenous communities have lived around Lake Baikal since at least the sixth century B.C., though they visited long before that. It was the site of a battle in the Han-Xiongu War (133 B.C. to A.D. 89). Local legend holds that Jesus visited Lake Baikal, according to Smithsonian magazine. The first European to visit Lake Baikal was the Russian Kurbat Ivanov in 1643. Russia expanded its territory to include Lake Baikal during the 17th-century Russian conquest of Siberia. Lake Baikal ecosystemAccording to the UNESCO World Heritage Commission, Lake Baikal is sometimes called the "Galapagos of Russia" because of its exceptional biodiversity and importance to evolutionary science. The age, isolation and deep oxygenated water of Lake Baikal have resulted in one of the world's richest freshwater ecosystems. About 80 percent of the more than 3,700 species found at Lake Baikal are endemic, meaning they are found nowhere else on Earth. Probably the most famous of these species is the nerpa, the world's only exclusively freshwater seal. Scientists are unsure how the nerpa came to Lake Baikal and evolved, but they suspect the seals might have swum down a prehistoric river from the Arctic, according to LakeBaikal.org. Other endemic species include the oily, scaleless golomyanka fish and the omul, a white fish that is one of Lake Baikal's most famous dishes. Other land-based species around Lake Baikal include bears, reindeer, elk, wild boar, Siberian roe deer, polecats, ermine, sable and wolves. American minks, imported from Canada, also live around Lake Baikal, according to Baikal World Web. More than 50 species of fish live in Lake Baikal, according to Baikal World Web. Aquatic invertebrate species include more than 100 species of flat worms, more than 700 species of anthropods (insects, arachnids and crustaceans) and more than 170 species of mollusks. These invertebrates all help purify the water. There are dozens of tree species, including cedar, fir and spruce, growing in the Lake Baikal area. Some of the trees are up to 800 years old. The Angara pine tree is native to the area, according to Baikal World Web. Lake Baikal is in southern Siberia. The closest city is Irkutsk (Image credit: Peter Hermes Furian Shutterstock) Threats to Lake BaikalAs Russia and Mongolia have become increasingly industrialized and tourism has increased, Lake Baikal has faced more and more threats to its environment. Additionally, climate change is threatening its ecosystem. Water temperatures and ice cover have already changed, according to BioScience.Castner described several of the dangers facing Lake Baikal. The biggest threat is probably the "huge problem with algae on the lake and government failure to develop an adequate response to it," she said. Massive green algae blooms plague bodies of water like the Great Lakes, but for a long time Russian scientists assumed that Lake Baikal was too big to be affected by them. But since at least 2008, Spirogyra algae blooms have appeared on the bottom of the lake, according to National Geographic. The algae blooms are found in shallow water and wash up on shore, where they emit a horrible stench. The algae are toxic to other species. The algae have damaged water snails, sponges, fish and crustaceans — which pass the toxins along to people, according to the New York Times. "The algae blooms are presumably caused by temperature changes, climate changes and excessive runoff into the lake from agricultural sewage and industrial sewage," Castner said. The concentration of algae in shallow water and the fact that algae blooms have historically appeared in areas with untreated sewage suggest that untreated sewage is a significant contributing factor to the problem. "But," Castner noted, "no proper study has been done to definitively determine the cause of the algae blooms."She added, "There's a huge increase in tourism on shores all around the lake and there's not a real understanding of how that's affecting the lake." Local communities do not have adequate waste management systems relative to the number of tourists. But at least one effort to healthily manage tourists at Lake Baikal is succeeding: the Lake Baikal Trail, which will surround the entire lake, is being built slowly but surely. "Another serious threat is a proposed series of dams on the Selenga River and its tributaries," Castner said. Mongolia is actively planning to build the dams in order to obtain energy. But the dams would seriously reduce the amount of fresh water flowing into the lake. In addition to lowering lake levels, the dams could change the level of sediment entering the lake and lessen the quality of breeding sites for birds and fish, as well as and block their migration routes, according to The New York Times. Lake Baikal has successfully met environmental challenges in the past. In 2006, activists were able to get the government to completely reroute an oil pipeline. "It would have crossed into the lake's watershed in the north and come within 800 meters of the lake. It would have had devastating impacts," Castner said. From 1966 to 2008, the Baikalsk Paper and Pulp Mill operated off the shores of Lake Baikal. "Paper-making and pulp-processing are water-intensive processes that involve using water and then dumping it," Castner explained. The dirty water was dumped into the lake, which resulted in a 12-square mile environmentally dead zone in the shallows. Community-led opposition led to valid studies of the problem and, though the government repeatedly delayed it, the mill was eventually shut down. Today, the environment in the water is slowly recovering. But the plant has not been demolished, the land around it has not been restored, and the chemicals around it have not been removed. The town is struggling economically. Additional resourcesUNESCO: Lake BaikalTo Discover Russia: 37Impressive Lake Baikal FactsWWF: Lake Baikal, Russia
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Jessie SzalaySocial Links NavigationLive Science ContributorJessie Szalay is a contributing writer to FSR Magazine. Prior to writing for Live Science, she was an editor at Living Social. She holds an MFA in nonfiction writing from George Mason University and a bachelor's degree in sociology from Kenyon College.
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Lake Baikal and the Baikal seal in Siberia, Russia | Britannica
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Visit Lake Baikal, a diverse and fecund freshwater ecosystem, home of the Baikal seal
Visit Lake Baikal, a diverse and fecund freshwater ecosystem, home of the Baikal seal
Overview of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, the deepest and oldest lake in the world.
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Visit Lake Baikal, a diverse and fecund freshwater ecosystem, home of the Baikal seal
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Transcript
Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is the deepest and oldest lake in the world. It is about 5,300 feet deep at its deepest point. Scientists estimate that it is about 20 million years old. Lake Baikal is also the largest body of fresh water in the world. It contains about 20% of the world’s unfrozen fresh water. Lake Baikal’s ecosystem is extremely diverse, and nearly 80% of the plant and animal species that live in and around the lake cannot be found anywhere else. One of its most famous animal species is the Baikal seal (also called the nerpa). It is one of the world’s smallest seals, and it is the only species of seal in the world to live exclusively in a freshwater habitat. How the seals’ ancestors arrived in Lake Baikal remains a mystery, since the lake is hundreds of miles from the ocean. The indigenous human inhabitants of the Baikal region are an ethnic group called the Buryats. The Buryats adopted Buddhism in the 16th century. But some also practice elements of their older Shamanistic faith. They consider the immense lake sacred, and believe that it is inhabited by the numerous spirits.
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Lake Baikal – The Deepest Lake on Earth
Lake Baikal – The Deepest Lake on Earth
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Lake BaikalA Natural Wonder Of The World
Lake Baikal is one of the most beautiful and picturesque places in Siberia and the entire planet. Lying in a rift depression in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, this is the oldest lake in the world (about 25-35 million years old).
Baikal is also the largest freshwater reservoir on Earth, so 22% of all freshwater worldwide and 85% of Russia’s water supply are concentrated here. Its volume of water is 23 thousand km3 (approximately the amount of five Great Lakes combined in the United States).
In addition to the value of vast reserves of fresh water (which, due to low mineralization: 100 g / l, can be safely equated as distilled water), Baikal is also the deepest lake in the world. In 1996, it was included on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Where is Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal is located in Central Asia, almost in the center of Eurasia, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, and has the shape of an elongated crescent.
Lake Baikal Geographical Position
It lies in a cleft where Asia is splitting apart, the beginnings of a future ocean.The lake basin is located in an ancient rift depression of glacial origin, surrounded by high peaks of mountain ranges and hills covered with dense forests, which borders the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia in the Russian Federation.
Geologists say Baikal today shows what the seaboards of North America, Africa, and Europe looked like as they began to separate millions of years ago.
More than 5,000 feet deep (1637m) at its most profound, with another four-mile-thick layer of sediment further down, the lake’s cold, oxygen-rich waters teem with bizarre life forms.
One of those is the seals’ favorite food, the golomyanka, a pink, partly transparent fish that gives birth to live young. Geologists estimate that Lake Baikal formed somewhere 20-25 million years ago, during the Mesozoic.
Surrounded by mile-high snowcapped mountains, Lake Baikal still offers vistas of unmatched beauty. The mountains are still a haven for wild animals, and the small villages are still outposts of tranquility and self-reliance in the remote Siberian taiga, as the forest is called.
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